why the various States should cover equal areas. Now, it may be that the principle of the Balance of Power has been exploited in the Balkans, as it has been exploited in Europe as a whole. It remains that in the Balkans, as in Europe, it is a sound principle when the problem that has to be faced is the attempt at hegemony by a single Power. It is in that spirit that Venizelos used

it in his Memorandum of Jan. 24, 1915.

The problem before us, however, is not only or mainly that of checking the domination of Bulgaria; there is another equally important question which has to be solved as between Bulgaria and Greece. We have already alluded to Venizelos's suggestion as to exchange of nationals wherever there were 'pockets' of aliens, or where reasons of high policy made it impossible that frontiers should follow ethnological lines. Such exchange, however, to be successful, implies either that the populations to be exchanged are about equal, or that there is ample space for settling the excess number. The dominant fact about the Bulgarian and Greek races is that the latter is far more numerous than the former. Within the ante-bellum boundaries of the two kingdoms they are about equal, Bulgaria having a slightly larger total population of 5 million (Utro, Nov. 25, 1918), but including in it more aliens. But Greeks outside Greece are vastly more numerous than Bulgarians outside Bulgaria. There are practically no Bulgarians in Turkey, Western Europe or America. The Bulgarophil Slavs of Serbian and Greek Macedonia added together could not, on the most generous estimate, be reckoned at more than a million. Greeks form a large element in the population of European and Asiatic Turkey, they are a compact majority in Cyprus, and they inhabit the whole of the Dodekanese. Further, there are considerable Greek colonies in the United States, Egypt and Western Europe. From the United States alone 57,000 men of military age went out to fight in the first Balkan War. It is a safe estimate to put the irredentist Greek population at from three to four millions. Some authorities put the total number of the Greek race as high as ten millions.

Now, we do not suggest that room must be found within the present boundaries of the kingdom of Greece

for the whole of this population. Cyprus and the Dodekanese should become Greek as they stand. Commerce and navigation will always attract a certain number of Greeks far afield. But, unless Turkey is driven from Constantinople, Thrace, and the coast of Asia Minor, there is no chance for Greece to increase its territory in that direction. The gross persecution that the Greek population has suffered at Turkish hands both before and during the present war will make it certain that the emigration from Turkey into Greece will be continued on a huge scale when peace is declared.

The Quarterly' Reviewer is rightly sceptical of Balkan statistics. Refugee figures, however, have a solid basis behind them when they are based on the actual numbers dependent on official relief or awarded grants of land. It is probable that, since the Treaty of Bucarest, nearly half a million Greeks have taken refuge within the frontiers of the kingdom. In June 1914 M. Naoum, the Greek Minister at Sofia, estimated the number as already 300,000. Some idea of the total number may be gathered from an official document drawn up in November 1915 for the Greek Government by a brilliant young Oxford man of Greek race, trained in British methods, who left the civil service of the Egyptian Government after the Balkan wars to work under Venizelos. It is a document not drawn up for propaganda purposes, but in order to record the numbers of refugees in receipt of Government aid in Greek Macedonia. Its total of 117,988 refugees does not include the considerable number who brought enough property with them to be self-supporting, nor the masses who reached Athens and other parts of old Greece, or escaped from Asia Minor to Chios and Lesbos, nor yet any who have emigrated since November 1915. Of the 117,988, 35,943 came from Bulgaria, 81,541 from Turkey.

The Quarterly' Reviewer adduces as an argument for giving Kilkis (Kukush) to Bulgaria that before the Treaty of Bucarest'some 7000' Bulgarophil Slavs occupied it. It may be deplorable that the change of population was effected, not by peaceful buying out of property, but by tumultuous 'following the flag' and rough-and-ready exchange of lands. It remains, however, that, if the 7000 Slavs left their farms at Kilkis, 13,788 Greeks were

settled there by 1915, who had left their farms and shops at Strumnitza and Dedeagatch in Bulgaria. The 'Quarterly' Reviewer would on his proposed scheme hand over to Bulgaria 19,678 of these Greek refugees in the northern strip, and 39,595 in the Kavalla district east of the Strymon, as well as all the original Greek population of these districts.

To sum up, Bulgaria has no ethnological claim at all on the Kavalla district, and none on any part of Greek Macedonia which Greece has not in a much higher degree on large districts of Bulgaria. Secondly, Bulgaria has at present an area of 43,305 square miles for a race of about five million souls, Greece one of 41,933 for a race of at least eight million. There does not seem to be adequate ground for asking our friends to abandon their territory to our enemies, still less for 'imposing' such a settlement from above.'

RONALD M. BURROWS.

CORRIGENDA.

(1) By an unfortunate error in proof-correcting on p. 15, 11. 6-4 from foot, of the previous (January) number, the author of the article was made to say the opposite of what he intended. The passage should run thus: but both Mr Massey and Sir Joseph Ward reject,' etc.-(EDITOR).

(2) In the map illustrating Prof. Salvemini's article (in the same number) on ‘Italy and the Southern Slavs,' Monte Maggiore should have been placed to the S.W. of Volosca (in Istria) instead of to the N.E. of Fiume.

6

(3) In the same article, p. 185, l. 13, for Eastern' read Western.'

( 585 )

INDEX

TO THE

TWO HUNDRED AND TWENTY-NINTH VOLUME OF THE

QUARTERLY REVIEW.

[Titles of Articles are printed in heavier type.
articles are printed in italics.]

INDEX TO VOL. 229