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the angle DAB is equal to the angle BAE; wherefore the angles DAB, DAC are together greater than BAE, EAC, that is, than the angle BAC. But BAC is not less than either of the angles DAB, DAC; therefore BAC, with either of them, is greater than the other.

PROP. XXI. THEOR.

The plane angles which contain any solid angle are together less than four right angles.

B

A

Let A be a solid ang e contained by any number of plane angles BAC, CAD, DAE, EAF, FAB; these together are less than four right angles. Let the planes which contain the solid angle at A be cut by another plane, and let the section of them by that plane be the rectilineal figure BCDEF. And because the solid angle at B is contained by three plane angles CBA, ABF, FBC, of which any two are greater (20. 2. Sup.) than the third, the angles CBA, ABF are greater than the angle FBC For the same reason, the two plane angles at each of the points C, D, E, F, viz. the angles which are at the bases of the triangles having the common vertex A, are greater than the third angle at the same point, which is one of the angles of the figure BCDEF: therefore all the angles at the bases of the triangles are together greater than all the angles of the figure and because all the angles of the triangles are together equal to twice as many right angles as there are triangles (32. 1.); that is, as there are sides in the figure BCDEF; and because all the angles of the figure, together with four right angles, are likewise equal to twice as many right angles as there are sides in the figure(1 cr. 32. 1.); therefore all the angles of the triangles are equal to all the angles of the rectilineal figure, together with four right angles. But all the angles at the bases of the triangles are greater than all the angles of the rectilineal, as has been proved. Wherefore, the remaining angles of the triangles, viz. those at the vertex, which contain the solid angle at A, are less than four right angles.

Otherwise.

F

E

Let the sum of all the angles at the bases of the triangles =S; the sum of all the angles of the rectilineal figure BCDEF=; the sum of the plane angles at A=X, and let R= a right angle.

Then, because S+X= twice (32. 1.) as many right angles as there are triangles, or as there are sides of the rectilineal figure BCDEF, and as 2+4R is also equal to twice as many right angles as there are sides of the same figure; therefore S+X=+4R. But because of the three plane angles which contain a solid angle, any two are greater than the third,

S7; and therefore X/4R; that is, the sum of the plane angles which contain the solid angle at A is less than four right angles.

SCHOLIUM.

A

It is evident, that when any of the angles of the figure BCDEF is exterior, like the angle at D, in the annexed figure, the reasoning in the above proposition does not hold, because the solid angles at the base are not all contained by plane angles, of which two belong to the triangular planes, having their common vertex in A, and the third is an interior angle of the rectilineal figure, or base. Therefore, it cannot be concluded that S is necessarily great

B

D

C

er than 2. This proposition, therefore, is subject to a limitation, which is farther explained in the notes on this Book.

ELEMENTS

OF

GEOMETRY.

SUPPLEMENT.

BOOK III.

OF THE COMPARISON OF SOLIDS.

DEFINITIONS.

1. A SOLID is that which has length, breadth, and thickness.

2. Similar solid figures are such as are contained by the same number of similar planes similarly situated, and having like inclinations to one another.

3. A pyramid is a solid figure contained by planes that are constituted betwixt one plane and a point above it in which they meet.

4. A prism is a solid figure contained by plane figures, of which two that are opposite are equal, similar, and parallel to one another; and the others are parallelograms.

5. A parallelopiped is a solid figure contained by six quadrilateral figures, whereof every opposite two are parallel.

6. A cube is a solid figure contained by six equal squares.

7. A sphere is a solid figure described by the revolution of a semicircle about a diameter, which remains unmoved.

8. The axis of a sphere is the fixed straight line about which the semicircle revolves.

9. The centre of a sphere is the same with that of the semicircle.

10. The diameter of a sphere is any straight line which passes through the centre, and is terminated both ways by the superficies of the sphere.

11. A cone is a solid figure described by the revolution of a right angled triangle about one of the sides containing the right angle, which side remains fixed.

12. The axis of a cone is the fixed straight line about which the triangle revolves.

13. The base of a cone is the circle described by that side, containing the right angle, which revolves.

14. A cylinder is a solid figure described by the revolution of a right angled parallelogram about one of its sides, which remains fixed.

15. The axis of a cylinder is the fixed straight line about which the parallelogram revolves.

16. The bases of a cylinder are the circles described by the two revolving opposite sides of the parallelogram.

17. Similar cones and cylinders are those which have their axes, diameters of their bases proportionals.

PROP. I. THEOR.

and the

If two solids be contained by the same number of equal and similar planes similarly situated, and if the inclination of any two contiguous planes in the one solid be the same with the inclination of the two equal, and similarly situated planes in the other, the solids themselves are equal and similar.

Let AG and KQ be two solids contained by the same number of equal and similar planes, similarly situated so that the plane AC is similar and equal to the plane KM, the plane AF to the plane KP; BG to LQ, GD to QN, DE to NO, and FH to PR. Let also the inclination of the plane AF to the plane AC be the same with that of the plane KP to the plane KM, and so of the rest; the solid KQ is equal and similar to the solid AG. Let the solid KQ be applied to the solid AG, so that the bases KM and

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AC, which are equal and similar, may coincide (8. Ax. 1.), the point N coinciding with the point D, K with A, L with B, and so on. And because the plane KM coincides with the plane AC, and, by hypothesis, the

inclination of KR to KM is the same with the inclination of AH to AC, the plane KR will be upon the plane AH, and will coincide with it, because they are similar and equal (8. Ax. 1.), and because their equal sides KN and AD coincide. And in the same manner it is shewn that the other planes of the solid KQ coincide with the other planes of the solid AG, each with each: wherefore the solids KQ and AG do wholly coincide, and are equal and similar to one another.

PROP. II. THEOR.

If a solid be contained by six planes, two and two of which are parallel, the opposite planes are similar and equal parallelograms.

B

H

G

F

E

Let the solid CDGH be contained by the parallel planes AC, GF; BG, CE; FB, AE: its opposite planes are similar and equal parallelograms. Because the two parallel planes BG, CE, are cut by the plane AC, their common sections AB, CD are parallel (14. 2. Sup.). Again, because the two parallel planes BF, AE are cut by the plane AC, their cómmon sections AD, BC are parallel (14. 2. Sup.): and AB is parallel to CD; therefore AC is a parallelogram. In like manner, it may be proved that each of the figures CE, FG, GB, BE, AE is a parallelogram; join AH, DF; and because AB is parallel to DC, and BH to CF; the two A straight lines AB, BH, which meet one another, are parallel to DC and CF, which meet one another; wherefore, though the first two are not in the same plane with the other two, they contain equal angles (9. 2. Sup.); the angle ABH is therefore equal to the angle DCF. And because AB, BH, are equal to DC, CF, and the angle ABH equal to the angle DCF; therefore the base AH is equal (4. 1.) to the base DF, and the triangle ABH to the triangle DCF: For the same reason, the triangle AGH is equal to the triangle DEF and therefore the paralielogram BG is equal and similar to the parallelogram CE. In the same manner, it may be proved, that the parallelogram AC is equal and similar to the parallelogram GF, and the parallelogram AE to BF.

PROP. III. THEOR.

If a solid parallelopiped be cut by a plane parallel to two of its opposite planes, it will be divided into two solids, which will be to one another as the bases.

Let the solid parallelopiped ABCD be cut by the plane EV, which is parallel to the opposite planes AR, HD, and divides the whole into the solids ABFV, EGCD: as the base AEFY to the base EHCF, so is the solid ABFV to the solid EGCD.

Produce AH both ways, and take any number of straight lines HM, MN, each equal to EH, and any number AK, KL each equal to EA, and complete the parallelograms LO, KY, HQ, MS, and the solids LP KR,

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