is, quite distinctly, o,-o-o. And though it is not well to give prominence to this "vanish," it is not well to omit it altogether, except when ō is unaccented, as in idiocy, geology.

Analyze the words of the following lists, and guard against the errors set forth above:

1. Land, hand, pallid, stand, back, hag, famine. 2. Torrent, flock, on, fond, torrid, fondle, monarch,

onset.

3. Pin, thin, think, bidding, ambition, indivisibility. 4. Tub, but, nut, must, pluck, cuff, snuff, corruption. 5. Met, fence, pen, health, remedy, connection, bet. 6. Fast (brief ah), cast, last, lass, pass, grass, shaft, class, branch. [Shun ä, which is vulgar; a, which is affected; and â, which is intolerable.]

Each one should observe his own tendencies in speech. Many, perhaps most, young people need to guard watchfully and perseveringly against an indolent utterance, a style which is chiefly perceptible on the explosive vowels and on the eight sonants, b, d, j, g, v, th, z, and zh.

Analyze and Represent void, thou, shawl, musing, shining, wringer, clashing, prudent, useful, wherever, which, where'er, cerulean, boyhood, assurance, sumac, mercury, merry, council, European.

LESSON XX.

In some instances, the error referred to in the previous lesson is closely approximated by repeating the vowel,thus, ha-and or ha-und for hand; me-et or me-ut for met. For this error, as for the substitution of the long cognate, the remedy is a quick, but clear and decisive, pronuncia

tion.

No pains should be spared to acquire this, not only in recitation, but as a habit of speech. Pronounce the six lists given in the preceding lesson.

t çk f th S sh b dj g v th z zh

Which of the foregoing represent non-sonants?

The first four consonants in each line have been called abrupts; the remaining four, continuants. Why should these names be thought appropriate?

In some languages, as the German, the difference between a sonant and its cognate is not so clearly marked as in the English. Thus, if you pronounce tok, you give very nearly the consonant sounds used by a German when he attempts to speak the word dog. Whoever fails to make unmistakably clear, in his speech, the difference between a sonant and its cognate cannot be a correct speaker of the English language.

Memorize and recite the sixteen sounds indicated in the list on the preceding page; thus, p, b; t, d. Also the list of simple vowels given in Lesson XIX.

Analyze and Represent apparel, tomorrow, terrify, passive, passing [The accented vowels in the last two words differ], music, forehead [o, and only five elements], continued, curfew, precisely (not z), mischief, modulate, fulsome, seamstress, zealous, noisome, mustache, granary.

LESSON XXI.

Pronounce bar, her, fir, for, cur. Monosyllables ending inr (or rr) preceded by a single vowel, are so regular in their vowel-sounds that readers early learn the power of each vowel thus placed: a (unless preceded by w) has the sound of a, o is ô, and each of the others, e. This regularity is, of course, a great aid to the student.

When to such a monosyllable a consonant is added, the vowel if it is a, e, i, or u, is not changed in sound; if o, it may change to o; for, fort.

If to the first-mentioned forms e be added, the changes are quite noteworthy; far becomes far; her, her; fir, fir; for, for; and cur, kür. Observe that each vowel except a ["Long a" is never followed in the same syllable by r] now takes its " name sound": here, ē; fire, ī; fore, ō;

cure, ū.

R and rr preceded by a short vowel.

RULE 1. If one of the combinations, ar, er, ir, or, yr, not preceded by another vowel, is immediately followed by a syllable beginning with a vowel, the vowel before ther has its proper short sound; thus, ar-id, ster-ile, mir-a-cle, or-ange.

EXCEPTIONS.-Parent, alarum, and derivatives from words ending in re, as staring, parer, wiry, curing.

RULE 2. Rr not terminal in sound is uniformly preceded in a primitive word by a short vowel; as marry, herring, mirror, morrow, horror, furrow, Pyrrhus.

Even in derivatives, the effect of a vowel following r is sometimes felt. For example, though from abhor we have abhôrd, we also have abhorens; from concur, konkurent; and from conspire, konspirasi.

The following list embraces words often mispronounced, from a non-observance of the principle laid down in Rule I. of this lesson. Re-state the principle; also note that in words where the r is initial in a syllable, the preceding vowel, if accented, is long, as in mu-ral, pe-riod,

a-re-a.

Arab, arable, arenaceous, Areopagus, arithmetical, aril, apparel, marigold, barometric, carat, caravan, parachute, paradox, parallel, prevaricate, harass, paramount, hilarity, farinaceous, Saracen, larynx, rarefy, rarity, character, guarantee, caparison, carol, maritime, disparity, disparage, peroration, peril, perigee, perish, per adventure, cerebral, therapeutics, verify, very, peregrination, oryctology, derivation, sterile, ceremony, derelict, derogate, querulous, ferule, heron, kerosene, seraph, heroine, imperative, sheriff, cherub, erudition, heresy, pyrotechnic, miracle, empyreal, delirium, empirical, tyrannous, lyrical, pyramid, florid, foreign, orange, coral, florin, Doric, forage, forest, quarantine, horologe, orator, origin, orifice, oriflamme, chorister. Represent and Analyze the first thirty words in the foregoing list.

LESSON XXII.

Which syllable can you utter more easily, laçd or laçt, helpt or helpd, bagd or bagt? It is found that either two non-sonants or two sonants may be more easily spoken with a single impulse than a combination embracing one of each class.

ASSIMILATION is the act of changing into a likeness; in Pronunciation, it consists in sounding a sonant for its cognate non-sonant written in the word, or the reverse, for the purpose of making it coalesce with an adjacent sound. Thus t is sounded for printed d in oped, and z for s in odes. Notice that, as written, the two consonants in oped are of unlike classes; so, also, in odes: in speaking, they are brought to a likeness, assimilated.

Show what assimilation takes place in pronouncing the words in each of the following lists:

1. Latched, lapped, cracked, laughed, passed, lashed. 2. Eliab's, David's, dove's, crag's.

3. Clods, eggs, tubs, wives.

4. Ebbs, treads, begs, loves.

Form a preterit, or past tense, in ed, as in list (1), but let the non-sonant preceding the termination be t. Ed now becomes a syllable. Why does not d assimilate with t? Try it.

Form four possessives, in the singular, whose nominatives end in four different non-sonants. What assimilation here?

Form four plurals, ending respectively in ps, fs, ts, and ks. Why does the terminal s retain its sound?

Blackguard is pronounced blag-ard, and cupboard, kub-ord. Why?

Represent and Analyze the second thirty words in the list at the close of Lesson XXI.

LESSON XXIII.

The following seven words, bath, cloth, lath, mouth, oath, path, wreath, change the non-sonant th of the singu lar to sonant th in the plural, the added s, of course, becoming sonant. Pronounce the seven plurals. No other nouns show this irregularity; the plural of truth ends with two non-sonants.

The terminal consonants dth and dths do not assimilate. Give to d its full sonant power in width, breadth, hundredth, hundredthe, thousandth, thousandths.

Why are 1, m, n, r, and n called liquids? Are they sonant or non-sonant? Consider the words milk, harp, pant, tempt (p silent), length, drink (in which a liquid precedes a non-sonant), and state whether any one of the liquids compels the following consonant to assimilate. What of assimilation in prow, flay, shrine, smart,-in which the liquid follows a non-sonant? Is it the same with chasm, spasm, prism, microcosm? What other combination than sm can you find, in which the former of two consonants assimilates to the latter?

Represent and Analyze the last twenty words in Lesson XXI.; also while, uniform, truths, plural, smoked, baths, sheaths, sheathes, quartz, chintz.

LESSON XXIV.

In the formation of the consonants, the tube or passage of the voice is closed at three different stations; at the lips, at the anterior part of the hard palate (or roof), and at its posterior part. Consonants formed at the first station are called labials; those formed at the second station, dentals or linguo-dentals; and those at the third, gutturals or palatals.

Utter the list of consonants in Lesson XIX., and tell at which station each is formed. To which station will you assign v? y? hw ? 1? r?

While uttering the sounds b, d, and g, the pupil has been cautioned against allowing a resonance in the nasal cavity. When this is allowed while the lips are in contact as for forming b, m is sounded and not b. Mis properly called nasal; it is also labial. Each other station also furnishes a nasal. The second, closed as for d, gives n; and the third, closed as for g, gives n. In what respect does m differ from b? n.from d? n from g?

With one closure of the first station we can form the combination, mb; with one of the second, nd; and with one of the third, ng. In pronouncing cabman, amber, candy, goodness, younger, the stations are not opened between b and m, n and d, n and g; but the former consonant is left without being articulated,—that is, it is not disjoined from the succeeding consonant element. So of double consonants: though in chilly we give less time to the W than in coolly, in felly (a felloe) less than in felly (fiercely), and less to the nn in pennon than in penknife, yet even in the latter we do not articulate two Ï's or two n's. We dwell upon the former consonant for a moment, and then, without opening the station, give a new impulse, thus forming the latter perfectly.

It is well in representing penknife, coolly, &c., phonetically, to write the consonant twice, distinguishing the utterance from that of the duplicate consonants in banner, folly, &c., which are strictly simple in power.

Few persons need be cautioned lest they form the habit of over-exactness in enunciation. It would be a violation of good usage, however, fully to enunciate the closing element of the adjective in uttering the phrase small larch, or the k in the phrases dark green and black cobbler.

Pronounce the following expressions with due regard to smoothness on the one hand, and freedom from ambi