APPENDIX.

No. I.

The Manifesto of the Scots Army when they entered England in 1640, published under the Title of "Six Considerations of the Lawfulness of our Expedition into England manifested."

As from the beginning till this time, we have attempted nothing presumptuously in this great work of reformation, but have proceeded upon good grounds, and have been led forward by the good hand of God; so now, from our own persuasion, are we ready to answer every one that asketh us a reason of this our present expedition, which is one of the greatest and most notable parts of this wonderful work of God; beseeching all to lift up their minds above their own particulars, and, without prejudice or partiality, to lay to heart the considerations following.

First, As all men know and confess what is the great force of necessity, and how it doth justify actions otherwise unwarrantable; so it cannot be denied but we must either seek our peace in England at this time, or lie under the heavy burdens which we are not able to bear.

1. We must maintain armies on the borders, and all places nearest to hazard, for the defence and preservation of our country, which, by laying down of arms, and

disbanding our forces, should be quickly overrun by hostile invasion, and the incursions of our enemies.

2. We shall want trade by sea, which would not only deprive the kingdom of many necessaries, but utterly undo our burghs, merchants, mariners, and many others who live by fishing, and by commodities exported and imported, and whose particular callings are utterly made void, by want of commerce with other nations and seatrade.

3. The subjects through the kingdom shall want administration of justice; and although this time past, the marvellous power and providence of God hath kept the kingdom in order and quietness without any judicatories sitting, yet cannot this be expected for afterward, but shall turn to confusion. Any one of the three, much more all of them put together, threaten us with most certain ruin, unless we speedily use the remedy of this expedition. And this we say not from fear, but from feeling; for we have already felt, to our unspeakable prejudice, what it is to maintain armies, what to want traffic, what to want administration of justice. And if the beginning of these evils be so heavy, what shall the growth and long continuance of them prove unto us? So miserable a being all men would judge to be worse than no being.

Secondly, If we consider the nature and quality of this expedition, it is defensive, and so the more justifiable. For proof hereof, let it be remembered,

1. The king's majesty, misled by the crafty and cruel faction of our adversaries, began this year's war, not we. When articles of pacification had been the other year agreed upon, arms laid down, forts and castles rendered, an assembly kept, and concluded with the presence and consent of his majesty's high commissioner, the promised ratification thereof in parliament (contrary to the foresaid articles) was denied unto us; and when we would have informed his majesty by our commissioners, of the reasons and manner of our proceed ings, they got not so much as presence or audience. Thereafter his majesty being content to hear them, be fore that they came to court, or were heard, war was

concluded against us at the council-table of England, and a commission given to the Earl of Northumberland for that effect.

2. The parliaments of Ireland and England were also convocate, for granting subsidies unto this war against us, as is nottour; plots have been hatched, and military preparations made against us; many invasions by sea, which have spoiled us of our ships and goods; men, women, and children, killed in Edinburgh by his majesty's forces in the castle: our enemies, therefore, are the authors and beginners of the war, and we defenders only.

3. We intend not the hurt of others, but our own peace and preservation; neither are we to offer any injury or violence: and, therefore, have furnished ourselves, according to our power, with all necessaries, not to fight at all, except we be forced to it in our own defence, as our declaration beareth.

4. We shall retire, and lay down arms, as soon as we shall get a sure peace, and shall be satisfied in our just demands; upon which ground even some of those. who would seem the greatest royalists, hold the wars of the Protestants in France against the king, and the fac tion of the Guisans, to have been lawful defensive wars; because they were ever ready to disband and quiet themselves, when they got assurance of peace and liberty of religion. Now this present expedition being in the nature of it defensive, hence it appeareth, that it is not contrary, but consonant to our former protestations, informations, and remonstrances; in all which there is not one word against defensive war in this cause, but strong reasons for it; all which militate for this expedition.

Our first information sent to England this year, though it accuseth all offensive or invasive war, yet sheweth plainly, that, if we be invaded either by sea or land, we must do as a man that fighteth himself out of priIf a private man, when his house is blocked up, so that he can have no liberty of commerce and traffic to supply himself and family, being also in continual hazard of his life, not knowing when he shall be as

son.

D d

saulted by his enemies who lie in wait against him, may in this case most lawfully step forth with the forces which he can make, and fight himself free; of how much more worth is the whole nation? And how shall one and the same way of defence and liberation be allowed to a private man, and disallowed to a whole nation?

Thirdly, We are called to this expedition by that same divine providence and vocation which hath guided us hitherto in this great business. We see the expediency of it for the glory of God, for the good of the church, for advancing the gospel, for our own peace: after seeking of God, and begging light and direction from heaven, our hearts are inclined to it; God hath given us zeal and courage to prosecute it, ability and opportunity for undertaking it, unanimous resolution upon it, scruples removed out of minds where they were harboured, encouragements to achieve it from many passages of divine providence, and namely from the proceedings of the last parliament in England, their grievances and desires being so homogenial and akin to ours; we have laboured in great long suffering by supplications, informations, commissions, and all other means possible, to avoid this expedition. It was not premeditated nor affected by us, God knows! but our enemies have necessitated and redacted us unto it, and that of purpose to sow the seed of national quarrels ; yet as God hitherto hath turned all their plots against themselves, and to effects quite contrary to those that they intended, so are we hopeful that our coming into England, so much wished and desired by our adversaries for producing a national quarrel, shall so far disappoint them of their aims, that it shall link the two nations together in straiter and stronger bonds, both of civil and Christian love, than ever before.

And that we may see yet further evidences of a calling from God to this voyage, we may observe the order of the Lord's steps and proceedings in this work of reformation. For, beginning at the gross popery of the service-book and book of canons, he hath followed the back-tread of our defection, till he hath reformed the