educated person. The entire difference between education and non-education (as regards the merely intellectual part of it) consists in this accuracy. A welleducated gentleman may not know many languages, may not be able to speak any but his own, may have read very few books. But whatever language he knows, he knows precisely; whatever word he pronounces, he pronounces rightly. Above all, he is learned in the peerage of words, knows the words of true descent and ancient blood, at a glance, from the words of modern canaille, remembers all their ancestry, their intermarriages, distant relationships, and the extent to which they were admitted, and offices they held, among the national noblesse of words at any time and in any country. But an uneducated person may know, by memory, many languages, and talk them all, and yet truly know not a word of any, not a word even of his own. An ordinarily clever and sensible seaman will be able to make his way ashore at most ports, yet he has only to speak a sentence of any language to be known for an illiterate person; so also the accent, or turn of expression of a single sentence, will at once mark a scholar. And this is so strongly felt, so conclusively admitted, by educated persons, that a false accent or a mistaken syllable is enough in the parliament of any civilized nation to assign to a man a certain degree of inferior standing forever.-Ibid.

As toilsome I wander'd Virginia's woods,

To the music of rustling leaves kick'd by my feet (for 'twas autumn),

I mark'd at the foot of a tree the grave of a soldier; Mortally wounded he and buried on the retreat (easily all could I understand),

The halt of a mid-day hour, when up! no time to loseyet this sign left,

On a tablet scrawl'd and nail'd on the tree by the grave, Bold, cautious, true, and my loving comrade.

Long, long I muse, then on my way go wandering, Many a changeful season to follow, and many a scene of life,

Yet at times through changeful season and scene, abrupt, alone, or in the crowded street,

Comes before me the unknown soldier's grave, comes the inscription rude in Virginia's woods,

Bold, cautious, true, and my loving comrade.

-WHITMAN: As Toilsome I Wander'd Virginia's Woods.

In the books you use in connection with your literature, history, civics, etc., will be found on every page opportunity for further study of this important aspect of interpretation.

And the more you use the printed page in connection with your literature, history, civics, etc., the more will you appreciate the fact that Denotation is for you at the present time the most vital factor in your studies.

CHAPTER VII

AN EXERCISE IN ANALYSIS

So far we have been studying separately Grouping, Group Sequence, Group Values, Inversion, and Denotation. We will now study a piece of literature illustrating all these principles except Subordination.

The following is taken from Tennyson's Enoch Arden. Enoch Arden has been shipwrecked, and after the death of his companions, is left alone on an island close to the tropics. Read the extract, keeping in mind these conditions:

The mountain wooded to the peak, the lawns
And winding glades high up like ways to heaven,
The slender coco's drooping crown of plumes,
The lightning flash of insect and of bird,
The lustre of the long convolvuluses
That coil'd around the stately stems, and ran
Ev'n to the limit of the land, the glows
And glories of the broad belt of the world,
All these he saw; but what he fain had seen
He could not see, the kindly human face,
Nor ever hear a kindly voice, but heard
The myriad shriek of wheeling ocean-fowl,
The league-long roller thundering on the reef,
The moving whisper of huge trees that branch'd
And blossom'd in the zenith, or the sweep

Of some precipitous rivulet to the wave,
As down the shore he ranged, or all day long
Sat often in the seaward-gazing gorge,

A shipwreck'd sailor, waiting for a sail.

Unless you have read very deliberately you have got very few details of the picture. You perhaps have a vague idea of a lonely man amid great scenic beauty, and a fairly vivid picture in the last line of the shipwrecked sailor waiting for a sail.

There is not much story in the extract and, therefore, one is inclined to hurry on without taking time to see the picture. Let us now take up the lines in detail, beginning with the groups, referring constantly to the text during the entire discussion:

The mountain wooded to the peak,

the lawns And winding glades high up like ways to heaven,

The slender coco's drooping crown of plumes,
The lightning flash of insect and of bird,

The lustre of the long convolvuluses
That coil'd around the stately stems,

and ran Ev'n to the limit of the land,

the glows And glories of the broad belt of the world, All these he saw;

and so on. Already the picture is becoming clearer, and yet we find a number of words and phrases that have no meaning for us. With a little effort we see the mountain wooded to the peak, but we must know that "lawns" as used here does not mean lawns like those in front of our homes, but "a glade or open space in the woods." Now, the dictionary tells us

in a

further that a glade is “a clearing or open space wood." So the two words convey about the same meaning; and we must picture the lawns and winding glades high up like ways to heaven. The next line is absolutely meaningless until we learn that "coco" is "the palm-tree that produces cocoanuts: cultivated in all tropical regions. It has a branchless stem sixty to ninety feet high, above which are feather-like leaves eighteen to twenty feet long." From this definition we can see also why the coco is called slender, and why the author refers to the "feather-like leaves" as "drooping crown of plumes." Why the poet speaks of the "lightning flash of insect and of bird," you can no doubt see for yourself; but all you can gather from the next three lines is that something or other has a lustre and coils around stems and runs all over the land. When we discover that "convolvuluses" are creeping and twining herbs with extremely showy, brilliant, trumpet-shaped flowers, we understand why the poet speaks of "the lustre" and of "long convolvuluses," and we get a picture of the long vines, some climbing around the trees and others running all over the island even to the sea.

What does "the broad belt of the world" mean? Is it the horizon, or is it that broad belt which encircles the world and is called the tropical zone? Then, what picture do you get of the "glows and glories" of this belt?

With a little thought you can get the meaning of the next five lines, but in the line "The moving whisper," etc., must you not stop long enough to see the moving