II. Conference of London, 1830-33

The Powers represented and their plenipotentiaries were Austria, Esterhazy, ambassador, and afterwards also Wessenberg; France, Talleyrand, ambassador; Great Britain, at first Aberdeen, afterwards Palmerston, Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs; Prussia, Bülow, envoy and minister; Russia, Matuszewicz, envoy and minister, also Lieven, ambassador, afterwards; Holland, Falck, minister plenipotentiary, and Baron H. de Zuylen de Nyeveldt, special envoy; Provisional Government of Belgium, S. van de Weyer and H. Vilain. Of these the former was afterwards appointed envoy and minister to Great Britain, and received full-powers dated August 22, 1831, to negotiate and sign a Treaty of Peace with Holland. The plenipotentiaries of the Five Great Powers did not require fullpowers until they came to sign the Treaty of November 15, 1831, with the Belgian plenipotentiary.

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III. Conference of London, 1850-52

The Powers which took part in this Conference and their representatives were: Great Britain, Palmerston and afterwards Malmesbury, Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs; Austria, the chargés d'affaires A. B. Koller and afterwards Baron Kübeck; Denmark, Reventlow and afterwards Bille, ministers; France, Drouyn de Lhuys and afterwards Walewski, ambassadors; Russia, Brunnow, minister; Sweden and Norway, J. G. Rehausen, minister; and eventually for Prussia, Bunsen, envoy and minister. It does not appear that any full-powers were produced until the Treaty which was the result of the Conference came to be signed.

1 These plenipotentiaries, on August 4, 1831, delivered a copy of their full-powers authorizing them to enter into negotiation with the Conference for a Treaty of Separation between Holland and Belgium. Nouv. Rec. de Traités, xi. 225.

Ibid. x. 216, 220; see also B. & F. S. P. xviii.

IV. Congress of Paris, 1856

The plenipotentiaries were: Austria, Buol, minister for Foreign Affairs and President of the Council, Hübner, envoy and minister; France, Walewski, minister for Foreign Affairs, Bourqueney, envoy and minister at Vienna; Great Britain, Clarendon, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Cowley, ambassador; Prussia, Manteuffel, President of the Council and Minister for Foreign Affairs, Hatzfeldt, envoy and minister; Russia, Alexis Orloff, aide-de-camp of the Emperor, Brunnow, envoy and minister to the German Confederation; Sardinia, Cavour, President of the Council and Minister of Finance, Villamarina, envoy and minister; Turkey, Aali Pasha, Grand Vizier, Djemil Bey, ambassador at Paris and Turin. They were all provided with full-powers, which were produced at the first sitting.

V. Conference of London, 1867

The Powers which took part in this Conference were those which had settled the affairs of Belgium, together with Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg, and Italy, which last Power was invited as having attained the rank of a Great Power. Spain also asked to be admitted, but was refused on the ground that it was then too late to alter the constitution of the Conference.1 The plenipotentiaries of the Powers were their diplomatic representatives, except that two Luxemburg functionaries were appointed ad hoc by the King of Holland. They were: for Austria, Apponyi, ambassador; Belgium, Van de Weyer, envoy and minister; France, La Tour d'Auvergne, ambassador; Great Britain, Stanley, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; Italy, d'Azeglio, envoy and minister; Holland and Luxemburg, Bentinck, envoy and minister, Tornaco, President of the Government of the Grand Duchy, Servais, vice-president 10. E. Ollivier, L'Empire Libéral, ix. 335.

of the Council of State; Prussia, Bernstorff, ambassador; Russia, Brunnow, ambassador. The object, as defined beforehand, being the conclusion of a Treaty, the plenipotentiaries were provided with full-powers, which they produced before the business of the Conference was embarked upon.

VI. Conference of London, 1871

This Conference was confined to the Powers which were parties to the Treaty of Paris of 1856. The plenipotentiaries who took part in it were: North Germany, Bernstorff, ambassador; Austria, Apponyi, ambassador; France, Broglie, plenipotentiary ad hoc; Great Britain, Granville, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; Italy, Cadorna, envoy and minister; Russia, Brunnow, ambassador; Turkey, Musurus Pasha, ambassador. As at the Conference of 1867, the plenipotentiaries were provided with special full-powers, which were verified in the course of the first sitting.

VII. Congress of Berlin, 1878

To this Congress were convoked the Powers which were parties to the Treaty of Paris of 1856.

The following were the plenipotentiaries of the

Powers:

Germany, Bismarck, Chancellor of the Empire; Bülow, Secretary of State at the department of Foreign Affairs; Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, ambassador at Paris; AustriaHungary, Andrássy, Minister for Foreign Affairs and of the Imperial Household; Karolyi, ambassador at Berlin, Haymerle, ambassador at Rome; France, Waddington, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Saint-Vallier, ambassador at Berlin, Desprez, minister plenipotentiary of the first class, director of Political Affairs at the ministry for Foreign Affairs; Great Britain, Beaconsfield, First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister, Salisbury, Secretary

of State for Foreign Affairs, Odo Russell, ambassador at Berlin; Italy, Corti, Minister for Foreign Affairs; de Launay, ambassador at Berlin; Russia, Gortchakoff, Chancellor of the Empire, Schouvaloff, ambassador in London, d'Oubril, ambassador at Berlin; Turkey, Sadoullah Bey, ambassador at Berlin, A. Caratheodory Pasha, Minister of Public Works, and Mehemed Ali Pasha, General. The plenipotentiaries were provided with fullpowers, which were handed by them to the secretary of the Congress, at the first sitting, with the exception of the Turkish representatives, whose full-powers had not yet arrived.

VIII. Conference of Berlin, 1884-5

To this Conference were convoked the Great Powers of Europe, the United States of America, Turkey, Belgium, Denmark, Holland, Portugal, and Sweden and Norway. The plenipotentiaries of the Powers were for the most part their diplomatic representatives at Berlin, but Germany was represented by Bismarck, Chancellor of the Empire, Hatzfeldt, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Busch, Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Küsserow, Privy Councillor of Legation; Austria-Hungary, Széchényi, ambassador; Belgium, van der StratenPonthoz, minister plenipotentiary, and Lambermont, envoy and minister, secretary-general of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs at Brussels; Denmark, de Vind, minister: Spain, Benomar, minister; United States of America, Kasson, minister, and Sanford, plenipotentiary; France, Courcel, ambassador; Great Britain, Malet, ambassador; Italy, de Launay, ambassador; Netherlands, van der Hoeven, minister; Portugal, Penafiel, minister, and Serpa Pimentel, councillor; Russia, Kapnist, minister plenipotentiary; Sweden and Norway, Bildt, minister; Turkey, Said Pasha, ambassador. Diplomatic agents accredited at Berlin were regarded as endowed with the necessary

authority for representing their Governments; and only those plenipotentiaries who were accredited ad hoc were expected to produce full-powers.1 Nevertheless the Acte Général states that all the plenipotentiaries were munis de pleins pouvoirs, qui ont été trouvés en bonne et due forme'. The fact is that the British plenipotentiary had previously been provided with full-powers, dated October 24, 1884, for the specific purpose of the Conference, including the signing of a Treaty, &c.; and it is to be presumed that all the other plenipotentiaries were furnished with full-powers.

IX. First Hague Peace Conference, 1899

The Powers convoked were those represented at St. Petersburg by regularly accredited agents, to which were added Montenegro, Luxemburg, and Siam. Besides the plenipotentiaries, many of the delegations included professors of international law, naval and military men, and junior diplomatists. The list of names is too long to be given here. The plenipotentiaries were provided with full-powers. At the second sitting of the Conference they were requested to deposit them at the Bureau.

X. Conference of Algeciras, 1906

The Powers invited to this Conference were those which were parties to the Convention of Madrid of 1880. The plenipotentiary delegates were the following:Germany, Radowitz, ambassador at Madrid, Tattenbach, envoy and minister at Lisbon (formerly at Tangier); Austria-Hungary, Welsersheimb, ambassador at Madrid, Bolesta-Koziebrodski, envoy and minister at Tangier; Belgium, Joostens, envoy and minister at Madrid, Buis

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1 B. & F. S. P. lxxv. 1180. Statement of Prince Bismarck: Les Agents Diplomatiques accrédités à Berlin sont, d'ailleurs, considérés comme ayant les pouvoirs nécessaires pour représenter leurs gouvernements à la conférence.'