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, the ancients often speak of the soul of young

body with sorrow and indignation, as if angry at a

conia Incurrunt '; Gr. § 205. Rem. 3, and § 209. Rem. 11. custos Opis,' Opis, the attendant nymph of Diana, whom

ad sent to avenge the death of Camilla.

more,' in the shouting crowd: 'multatam,' for 'affectam.' muni - Supplicium,' too cruel a penalty hast thou suffer e,' by hypallage, for desertis.'

* indecorem,' unhonored, because unavenged: 'regina,' Di

neque inulta,' your death shall not be spoken of among the

as as an ignoble one, nor shall you bear the ignominy of having died [enged.

- J bustum '; a tomb consisting of a great mound of earth: 'ReDercenni Antiqui Laurentis,' of the ancient Laurentian king Derus; nothing is known respecting him.

2. dea,' Opis: 'rapido nisu,' by a quick effort of her wings.

55-8. diversus,' in a different direction: capias - Præmia,' that u may receive due punishment for the death of Camilla. Threĭssa'; thus called from her resemblance to the Amazons, who dwelt in Thrace. 860-2. And strained it far, until the bent extremities of the bow met together, and her hands being on a level, with her left she held the iron point of the arrow, and with her right on the string she touched her breast. 864. Audiit unà'; he heard the whistling of the arrow at the same moment that he was struck by it.

866. Obliti,' forgetful of all but their own safety: 'ignoto in pulvere,' in a thick cloud of dust, through which objects could not be discerned. 870. desolati,' abandoned by their leaders.

877. 'e speculis,' from the elevation of the walls.

882. Monibus,' within the city: 'inter-domorum,' close by the shelter of their homes.

886-90. Of the citizens trying to defend the entrance by arms, and of the fugitives rushing upon these arms, in order to get into the city. Thus the Rutuli fight with and slay each other. 'Exclusi, Pars,' of those who were excluded, a part, &c. præcipites,' steep, precipitous : 'urgente ruina, the margin of the ditches caving in. 'immissis postes,' a part blind with frenzy, -'immissis frænis,' at full speed, rush against the gates and posts strengthened with bars.

891-2. summo certamine,' in this final contest, at this critical time: 'Monstrat,' urges them on: Camillam,' the death of Camilla.

894-5. Præcipites imitantur ferrum,' hastily supply the place of swords and better weapons by stakes of hard wood: ardent, eagerly desire: pro manibus,' in defending the walls.

896-7. Turnum implet,' fils the ears of Turnus, occupies his attention. 'et tumultum,' and Acca brings great perturbation into the

mind of the youth.

900-2. Had occupied all the ground, and the consternation had now spread even into the city. sæva- poscunt,' the hostile determination of Jove so ordered it: obsessos,' which he had occupied in ambush. 904. saltus apertos,' the pass abandoned by the enemy. 906-7. rapidi feruntur,' advance rapidly: 'nec distant a great way from each other.

absunt,' are not

911-3. He heard the tramp of coming feet and the neighing of horses. 'ineant, tentent'; the present for the pluperfect subjunctive. gurgite Ibero,' in the western ocean, beyond the coast of Spain, where the sun appeared to set.

915. 'et — vallant,' and surround their camps with intrenchments.

The most poetical passages of this book are the lamentations of Æneas and Evander over the body of Pallas, the fine description of the open

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741-2. moriturus,' prepared to die: turbidus,' excited, furious. 744. gremium suum,' in his own lap; Venulus was pulled off his own horse, and thrown over that of Tarcho.

747-8. tum apertas,' then he breaks off the iron from the tip of his spear, and searches for an exposed part,-unprotected by armour. 750. et-exit,' and by great exertion of strength wards off the blow. 752-3. implicuit- hæsit,' twines his feet round the prey, and binds it in his claws. sinuosa versat,' twists round in winding folds. 757-9. Tiburtûm'; see note to 519. ' eventum,' the success: 'Mæonidæ'; see notes to Book VIII. 479 and 499. fatis debitus,' doomed by fate; see 590 - 3.

760-1. He first, with levelled javelin and great skill, rides round the swift Camilla, and seeks the easiest chance of inflicting a wound. 763. Hither Arruns follows her and secretly traces her steps.

766-8. Hos — aditus,' now this opening, now that : ' certam,' wellaimed. sacer Cybele'; devoted by vow to the service of Cybele.

770-3. quem—tegebat,' a skin, fastened with gold clasps and decked with brazen scales overlapping each other like a bird's plumage, covered the horse. clarus,' conspicuous by his rich dress: peregrinâ ferrugine'; see Book IX. 582, and note. Shot Cretan arrows from a Lycian bow; see notes to Ecl. VI. 60, and Ecl. X. 59.

775-6.tum―auro,' also, he had drawn together, with a clasp of yellow gold, his saffron-colored cloak, and the rustling folds of his fine linen garment. The rich dress of the Trojan priest is thus circumstantially described, to account for the eagerness of Camilla in pursuing him. "Etsi virilis animi fœmina, tamen a cultu et ornatu intactam mentem non habuit." Heyne.

779. Or that she might adorn herself with the captured gold.

783-7. tempore capto,' having found an opportunity: ex insidiis Concitat Telum,' stealthily aims his weapon. Soractis'; see note to Book VII. 696. There was a celebrated temple of Apollo on this mountain: hence 'sancti.' primi,' especially: 'cui — Pascitur,' for whom a pile of burning pine logs is kept up.

788. We, your worshippers, walk over the heap of live coals; which the priests of Apollo contrived to do without injury, by means of some preparation applied to the soles of the feet.

792.dum,' provided that: 'meo vulnere,' a wound inflicted by me. 794. partem voti'; Apollo allowed him to kill Camilla, but not to return alive to the land of his fathers.

797-8. 'reducem,' 'illum' understood: 'alta,' renowned: 'in notos,' to the winds, the species for the genus.

800-3. acres,' rendered acute by their anxiety for their queen: neque sonitus, nor of the whistling in the air. 'sub exsertam papillam,' just beneath her uncovered breast.

809-14. Ac velut ille lupus,' and as a wolf; 'ille' is expletive: 'avius,' straying far away: caudam utero,' in his fright, hugging his tail, hides it between his legs: turbidus,' terrified. 815. mediis armis,' in the midst of the armed band. 818-9.labuntur- reliquit,' her glazed eyes are set in death, and the former rosy hue leaves her countenance.

822-5. Quicum curas,' with whom she was wont to share her anxieties; quicum'; Gr. § 136. Rem. 1. Hactenus potui,' thus far my strength has served me: Conficit,' overpowers: 'et-circùm,' and every thing grows dark around me; an affecting picture of death. hæc mandata novissima,' this my last message.

828-30.fluens'; finely expressive; slowly dropping down: 'frigi da,' chilled in death: Paulatim se,' gradually frees herself from, is released: lenta,' bending powerless: captum,' overpowered, and therefore languishing: 'posuit,' suffered to fall. The exquisite propriety of the Latin words defies all attempt at translation.

831. 'indignata'; the ancients often speak of the soul of young persons quitting the body with sorrow and indignation, as if angry at a premature death.

834.densi copia Incurrunt'; Gr. § 205. Rem. 3, and § 209. Rem. 11. 836. Triviæ custos Opis,' Opis, the attendant nymph of Diana, whom that goddess had sent to avenge the death of Camilla.

838-9.clamore,' in the shouting crowd: multatam,' for 'affectam.' 841-3. nimiùm-Supplicium, too cruel a penalty hast thou suffered: desertæ,' by hypallage, for 'desertis.'

845-7. indecorem,' unhonored, because unavenged: regina,' Diana. neque inulta,' your death shall not be spoken of among the nations as an ignoble one, nor shall you bear the ignominy of having died unavenged.

850.bustum'; a tomb consisting of a great mound of earth: 'Regis Dercenni Antiqui Laurentis,' of the ancient Laurentian king Dercennus; nothing is known respecting him.

852.dea,' Opis: rapido nisu,' by a quick effort of her wings.

855-8. diversus,' in a different direction: capias - Præmia,' that you may receive due punishment for the death of Camilla. Threissa'; thus called from her resemblance to the Amazons, who dwelt in Thrace.

860-2. And strained it far, until the bent extremities of the bow met together, and her hands being on a level, with her left she held the iron point of the arrow, and with her right on the string she touched her breast. 864. 'Audiit unâ'; he heard the whistling of the arrow at the same moment that he was struck by it.

866. Obliti,' forgetful of all but their own safety: 'ignoto in pulvere,' in a thick cloud of dust, through which objects could not be discerned. 870. desolati,' abandoned by their leaders.

877. 'e speculis,' from the elevation of the walls.

882. Manibus,' within the city: 'inter - domorum,' close by the shelter of their homes.

886-90. Of the citizens trying to defend the entrance by arms, and of the fugitives rushing upon these arms, in order to get into the city. Thus the Rutuli fight with and slay each other. Exclusi, Pars,' of those who were excluded, a part, &c. præcipites,' steep, precipitous: 'urgente ruinâ,' the margin of the ditches caving in. 'immissis postes,' a part blind with frenzy, 'immissis frænis, at full speed, rush against the gates and posts strengthened with bars.

891-2. summo certamine,' in this final contest, at this critical time: 'Monstrat,' urges them on: Camillam,' the death of Camilla. 894-5. Præcipites imitantur ferrum,' hastily supply the place of swords and better weapons by stakes of hard wood: 'ardent,' eagerly desire: pro manibus,' in defending the walls.

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896-7. Turnum implet,' fils the ears of Turnus, occupies his attention. 'ettumultum,' and Acca brings great perturbation into the mind of the youth.

900-2. Had occupied all the ground, and the consternation had now spread even into the city. sæva - poscunt,' the hostile determination of Jove so ordered it: obsessos,' which he had occupied in ambush.

904. saltus apertos,' the pass abandoned by the enemy.

906-7.rapidi feruntur,' advance rapidly: 'nec - absunt,' are not distant a great way from each other.

gurgite

911-3. He heard the tramp of coming feet and the neighing of horses. 'ineant, tentent'; the present for the pluperfect subjunctive. Ibero,' in the western ocean, beyond the coast of Spain, where the sun appeared to set.

915. et vallant,' and surround their camps with intrenchments.

The most poetical passages of this book are the lamentations of Æneas and Evander over the body of Pallas, the fine description of the open

ing of the contest between the parties of cavalry, and the moving picture of the death of Camilla. But these are enough to refute the judgment of that class of critics, who can see nothing in the last six books of the Eneid but a feeble and insipid imitation of Homer. Virgil is often indebted to his predecessor for single lines and particular images; but in the general spirit and execution of these passages, as well as of many others, I can discern but few traces of similarity with the Iliad, and none of slavish adherence to this, or any other model. The peculiarities of his genius are strongly marked, even in this book, where the nature of the subject might frequently betray the poet into an unconscious imitation of the fine battle pieces of Homer. But he has avoided this difficulty with apparent ease, and the novelty with which the theme is treated, shows the native strength and richness of a vigorous imagination.

THE ENEID.

BOOK XII.

THE Latins being disheartened by the two defeats which they had suffered, Turnus offers to redeem his promise of meeting Eneas in single combat. The Trojan accepts the challenge, and a truce is solemnly proclaimed between the contending parties, till the arrangements for the duel can be made. The nymph Juturna, the sister of Turnus, incited by Juno, persuades the Latins to break the truce; and the augur Tolumnius, deceived by false omens, promises certain victory to his party, and with his own hand kills one of the Trojans. Both armies then run to arms, and Æneas endeavouring to stay the tumult, is wounded by an arrow from an unknown hand, and compelled to quit the field. Turnus, encouraged by the departure of his dreaded opponent, makes great havoc among the Trojans. Venus cures her son by means of a potent herb, and Æneas rushes back to the field, and calls upon Turnus to meet him in single combat. Juturna assumes the shape of the charioteer of Turnus, and drives him off to another part of the ground. The Trojans resolve to attack the city, and throw fireballs and torches against the fortifications. The queen Amata supposes that Turnus is killed, and hangs herself in despair. Turnus, that the city may not fall into the power of the enemy, at length offers himself to the contest, and is vanquished by Eneas. The latter is moved to pity by the entreaties of his fallen opponent, but happening to perceive the belt of Pallas on the other's shoulders, he is roused to fury, and avenges the death of his young friend by slaying Turnus; with which action the poem concludes.

1-2. 'infractos - Marte,' weakened by the unsuccessful fight: 'Defecisse, had lost heart: 'promissa '; his promise to meet Æneas in single combat.

5-7. 'ille leo'; 'ille' is expletive, as in Book XI. 809. pectus'; Gr. § 234. II. movet arma,' makes ready for the fight: comantes — toros, shaking the bushy mane on his neck: latronis,' the huntsman who had attacked him by surprise. 'fixum,' thrust into his body.

10-3. 'regem,' Latinus:nihil recusent,' there is no pretext for the dastardly followers of Eneas to take back their words, or break their engagements. sacra,' the religious rites with which engagements with enemies were sanctioned: 'et fœdus,' and formally proclaim a treaty.

15-17. sedeant — Latini,' let the Latins sit still and look on: 'crimen- refellam,' I will refute the common imputation upon me of wanting courage: victos,'' nos' understood.

19-21. quantùm - Consulere,' as much as you excel in daring bra. very, so much the more diligently ought I to provide for your safety.

23. nec est,' Latinus also has gold and a disposition to give; there is no cause why you should contend with Æneas for the hand and dowry of Lavinia; you have enough without them.

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25-6. Sine-hauri,' allow me, putting aside all artifice and reserve, to lay open these things which are not pleasant to be spoken of; hear this also with strict attention.

28-9.id canebant,' declared that this was fated. 'cognato-victus,' overcome by considering the connexion in blood between us. Turnus was the nephew of Amata, the wife of Latinus.

31-32. Promissam'; Latinus had promised Lavinia to Æneas. ‘qui casus,' what calamities.

34-5. vix-Italas,' with difficulty we preserve in the city the last hope, or refuge for the Italian arms: recalent,' were twice warmed.

37-41. Why do I waver so much? What frenzy makes me change my resolution? incolumi,'' Turno' understood: Rutuli,' 'dicent' understood. Fors - refutet,' O may Fortune prove that I am mistaken! 43. 'res varias,' the doubtful fortune of war.

46. exsuperat medendo,' he rather becomes more obstinate, and is exasperated by what was designed to soothe him.

His god

49. letum-pacisci,' and allow me to barter death for glory. 51-3. nostro de vulnere,' from wounds inflicted by me. dess mother will be far away, who in vain would shelter the runaway in a cloud with a woman's care, and hide herself (and her son) in darkness. 54. novâ pugnæ sorte'; that is, the single combat.

56-7. per 6 animum,' by your respect for Amata, if any such feeling moves your mind; 'per· honos'; Gr. § 323. 3. (5.) ego te' is construed with Unum oro,' in the 60th line.

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59. inclinata,' threatening to fall: recumbit,' rests upon.

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61-6. Quicumque casus,' whatever fate: Et me manent,' awaits me also: Lumina,' life, existence. 'Accepit,' overheard: Flagrantes,' burning with blushes: cui-rubor,' in whose veins much blushing kindled a fire; the cause here changes place with the effect.

67-70. veluti Si quis violaverit Indum ebur,' as if any one should stain Indian ivory: aut rosà,' or the white lilies should become red when mingled with many roses. 'figit vultus,' fixes his gaze.

74-8. neque mortis,' for Turnus cannot by his simple will obtain a respite from death: Phrygio tyranno,' Eneas. 'Haud placitura,' a disagreeable message for him to receive. Puniceis'; see Ecl. VII. 32. 'rotis,' for 'curru': 'Non agat,' let him not lead.

82-6. gaudet-frementes,' and rejoices to see them neighing before him. Orithyia'; see note to Geor. IV. 463. She was carried off to Thrace by Boreas, whose horses were celebrated for fleetness. ' decus Pilumno, as a mark of respect to Pilumnus, the ancestor of Turnus. 'cursibus,' in speed: properi,' quick, active: lacessunt plausa,' for 'plaudunt': 'cavis,' made concave, so as to pat loudly.

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87-9. squalentem,' shining: 'orichalco '; a mixed metal, like our brass. aptat habendo,' he fits on so as to be conveniently handled; Gr. § 275. III. Rem. 2. 'cornua'; the several points of the crest.

91. tinxerat'; in order to temper the metal; see Geor. IV. 172-3. 94-100.Actoris spolium,' taken in battle from Actor. The Aurunci lived near the river Liris, in the neighbourhood of the Rutuli. 'o-meos,' O spear, that when invoked, has never deceived me; vocatus' is a substantive. sternere,' by a Greek idiom, for ut sternam': 'revulsam,' torn off from his body: Semiviri Phrygis'; see Book IX. 614-20, and notes. Crisped with the curling tongs and wet with myrrh, as a perfume.