whole character of the fierce tyrant Mezentius is a masterpiece of genius. The admirable qualities of the son, and his heroic devotion for his father, enlist our sympathies for the latter in spite of our better judgment, and we finally lose all recollections of his crimes, in viewing the noble and affecting manner in which he meets his death.

THE ENEID.

BOOK XI.

ENEAS erects a trophy with the spoils of Mezentius, and sends back the body of Pallas in great pomp to the city of Evander. Heralds come from the Latin army to demand a truce for twelve days, which is granted, and both parties occupy themselves in burying their dead. Venulus returns from his embassy and announces, that the Latins must expect no aid from Diomed; whereupon Latinus calls a council, and proposes to send conditions of peace to Eneas. Drances defends this proposition, and engages in a sharp contest of words with Turnus. Eneas, dividing his forces, sends forward the light-armed cavalry over the plain to the city of Latinus, and prepares to follow with the rest of the troops by a difficult path through the woods and mountains. Turnus, hearing of this plan, sends his own horsemen under Messapus and Camilla to oppose the Trojan cavalry, and with the foot forces waits in ambush by the road, on which Eneas is advancing. Camilla, after killing many of the Trojans, is slain by stratagem by Arruns; and Opis, a nymph of Diana, avenges her by killing Arruns. The Latin horse are driven back after the loss of Camilla, and the news being brought to Turnus, he leaves the path where he was lying in ambush, and hastens to their assistance. Eneas passes through the defile soon after Turnus leaves it, and, the night coming on, both parties encamp before the city.

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3-7. Præcipitant curæ,' he is hurried and anxious: funere,' by the death of Pallas and others: primo Eoo,' at daybreak; the morning star is called Eous, as well as Lucifer. For the nature of a trophy, see note to Book X. 542. 'tumulo,' on an artificial mound.

8-12. Bellipotens'; an epithet of Mars, the god of war: 'aptat,' he places upon it: Tela trunca,' the broken spears of Mezentius: 'et -locis,' and the breastplate battered and pierced in many places; the poets often use a determinate number in place of an indefinite one. 'sinistræ,' upon the left side of the figure: eburnum,' with an ivory hilt. 'eum- tegebat,' stood closely around him.

15-6. Quod superest,' as to what remains to be done: Primitiæ,' the first fruits of my victory: manibus-est,' through my deeds, this (pointing to the trophy) is all that remains of Mezentius.

19-21. That, as soon as the gods shall allow us to pull up the standards, and to lead out the armed youth from the camp, no delay may hinder you, ignorant that a contest is at hand, and no slothfulness proceeding from fear retard you. Before any military movement, the Romans were wont to take the auspices, to see if the gods were favorable.

22-5.socios corpora,' by hendiadys, for sociorum corpora': 'qui est,' which is the only honor remaining for those who are in the lower world; see note to Book VI. 325. 'quæ - suo,' who, by their own blood, have acquired this country for us, this new habitation in Latium. 27. non-egentem,' distinguished for valor.

29-33. ad limina'; the gate of the Trojan camp: positum,' laid out as a corpse: 'Parrhasio; see note to Book VIII. 344. 'sed alumno,' but afterwards, under more unlucky auspices, he attended Pallas, assigned as a tutor to this dear pupil.

35. Females, with dishevelled hair and loud expressions of grief, usually attended funerals.

39-40. Ipse vidit,' Æneas himself, when he saw the head and pale countenance of Pallas resting on the pillow: 'levi,' smooth, fair.

42-3. Tene mihi,' O unhappy boy, he exclaimed, did Fortune, when she appeared propitious at first, envy me the possession of you? 46-50. euntem,' on my departure: Mitteret-imperium,' he dismissed me to my task of conquering a great kingdom: Acres,' for 'strenuos': 'cum -gente,' that the battle must be fought with a hardy race. 'spe-inani,' deceived by an idle hope: Fors, for forsitan,' perhaps. 51-2. et Debentem,' and not indebted now to any of the gods; said reproachfully, as if the gods had not protected the son, and therefore the father was not bound to fulfil his vows.

55-7. non pudendis Vulneribus,' with honorable wounds, received in front: nec funus,' nor shall you desire fearful death for yourself, because your son saved himself by a disgraceful flight.

59.deflevit,' ceased to weep; when he had ended this lamentation. 64-5. Others, with great activity, weave a bier of pliable wicker work, with arbute rods and oaken twigs.

67-8. agresti stramine,' on a rustic bed of leaves and branches. Like a flower gathered by a maiden's fingers, which retains its beauty and perfume, though having no longer a root in the earth. The comparison is very elegant.

73. læta laborum,' pleased with her task; Gr. § 213. Rem. 2. 75. Repeated from Book IV. 264.

77-8. arsuras - amictu,' and wrapped up the head, which was soon to be burned, in the other covering; comas,' for 'caput.' 'Laurentis -pugnæ, gifts obtained in the fight with the Latins.

81-2. 'quos Inferias,' of the captives whom he sent as funeral offerings to the spirit of the departed. The custom of sacrificing captives on the funeral pile belonged to the heroic age.

84. inimica-figi,' and the names of the enemy who were slain to be inscribed on these portable trophies.

87. And now lies with his whole person stretched on the ground, in token of extreme grief.

89. Next came the war-horse, Ethon, with his trappings laid aside. The noble steed is represented as weeping for its master.

93. 'versis armis,' with inverted arms, spears pointing downwards ;a sign of mourning in every age.

96-7. Nos vocant,' the same terrible destiny of war calls us hence to other mournful rites, - burying the rest of the slain.

100-1. oratores,' heralds: rogantes veniam,' making this request. 104-7. That he should not wage war against the vanquished and those deprived of life; that he should spare the men, whom he had formerly called hosts and fathers-in-law; 'æthere,' vital air, life. Latinus at first received Eneas as a friend and a son-in-law. Quos Prosequitur veniâ,' grants their request.

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110-2. Pacem 6 Oratis,' you ask from me an amnesty for the dead, and for those who are beyond the fate of war. veni,' for venissem'; nor would I have come hither.

114-5. Hospitia,' bond of friendship and hospitality. It would have been more just for Turnus to expose himself to this death, which he is the means of bringing upon others.

118-9. He would have survived, whose life was secured by the favor of the gods or the power of his own right hand; Vixet,' by syncope,. for 'vixisset.' 'supponite ignem,' commit to the funeral fire.

121-3. 'Conversi tenebant,' for 'convertebant'; they looked at each other in astonishment at the magnanimity of Eneas. TumTurno,' then the old Drances, who was always at variance with the young Turnus, from personal dislike and mutual accusations.

125-6. æquem cœlo,' extol: laborum,' achievements; Gr. § 220. 1. 129-33.Quærat-juvabit,' let Turnus seek out allies for himself. It will delight us even to aid you in constructing the walls appointed by fate, and to carry on our shoulders the stones for building the Trojan city. uno- fremebant,' all with one accord murmured assent. 'pace sequestrâ,' by the intervention of a truce.

136. actas ad sidera'; that had grown up to a great height.

141. Which had lately reported Pallas as victorious in Latium.

143. Funereas-faces,' carried funeral torches, as was customary among the Romans at the burial of the dead.

145-6. 'plangentia Agmina,' crowd of mourners.

148. But no power is able to withhold Evander.

149-51. Feretro-gemens,' the bier being set down, he falls upon the body of Pallas, and clings to it weeping and groaning.

the power of utterance.

via voci,'

153. O that you had been willing to act more cautiously in the cruel war! 156. Primitiæ,' first attempts: 'belli propinqui,' of the war with our neighbours.

160-3. 'ego fata,' I have outlived my term of life as assigned by fate. Troum telis,' would that the Rutulians had overwhelmed me with their weapons, for having formed alliance in war with the Trojans. pompa,' funeral procession: referret,' for retulisset.'

166-7.Quòd - natum,' although a premature death awaited my son. 169-73. Even I, O Pallas, can add nothing to the funeral honors, that the pious neas, the noble Trojans, the Tuscan leaders, and the whole Tuscan army have bestowed upon thee. 'quos,' of those whom: Tu quoque,' you also, O Turnus, would have furnished another trophy for my son, if he had been equal to you in age and strength.

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175. Teucros armis,' why do I detain the Trojans from the war ? 177-80.Quòd est,' the hope that your right arm will avenge me, is the only reason why I prolong my hated life, after the death of Pallas. 'meritis locus,' this is the only opening left for you and Fortune to do me a kindness.

181. Nor is it right for me to look for such pleasures; but I seek only to carry the news to my son in the lower world, that he is ayenged. 185. corpora suorum,' the bodies of their friends.

187. The high heavens are darkened with the smoke.

190. Lustravêre,' they rode round.

--

193-6.Hinc Conjiciunt igni,' then they throw upon the flames: 'pars clypeos,' others throw in offerings familiar to the dead, such as their own shields: 'non felicia'; because they did not preserve their owners from death.

199–203. Tum - Busta,' then, along the whole shore, they observe the burning bodies of their companions, and watch the half-consumed pyres. 'diversâ in parte,' in another place.

205-6. terræ infodiunt,' they bury in the earth: 'avecta partly they carry them off into the neighbouring districts.

208. Nec honore, an innumerable multitude of ignoble persons. 210-2. 'lux,' for 'dies': 'ruebant,' for 'eruebant,' they dug out the bones from the embers: tepido aggere'; the mound in which the

warm bones were interred.

214-7. fragor,' tumult sororum Pectora,' for 'sorores.' 'Turni hymenæos,' the marriage of Turnus, which was the cause of the war. 219-20.primos honores'; by marrying Lavinia, he became heir to the throne. Ingravat - Drances,' the angry Drances augments these murmurs: 'vocari,' is challenged to the fight.

222-4. Multa - Turno,' at the same time, many expressed opposite opinions in different language, favoring Turnus: reginæ,' of the queen Amata: obumbrat, protects him: virum,' Turnus: 'meritis tropæis,' by the trophies which he had earned.

226-8.super mesti Legati,' moreover, the sorrowful ambassadors; see Book VIII. 9-10, and note. nihil- operum,' they report, that nothing had been accomplished by all the cost of so great efforts.

232-5. The anger of the gods, and the new_tombs before their eyes prove, by manifest evidence of divine will, that Eneas was fated to reign in Latium; ferri,' for ' esse.' 'primos - accitos,' and the chiefs of his people, summoned by his authority.

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236-9. plenis viis,' crowding the roads: primus sceptris,' first in authority. Ætolâ ex urbe '; Argyripa, the city of Diomed.

241-3. Ordinesuo,' every thing in its order, omitting nothing. 'farier'; Gr. § 322. 1. 6. Diomede, the Greek accusative contracted:

'castra

andurbs' are often used as convertible terms.

245-7. We have touched the hand of the man, by whom the Trojan kingdom was destroyed; Diomed contributed much to the fall of Troy. He triumphantly founded the city of Argyripa, so called from his native place, in the territory round the lapygian Garganus. Argyripa' is derived from "Agуoç iллios, i. e. ínnоpóτηs, equestrian Argos, the birthplace of Diomed; Iapygia, from lapyx, a son of Ďædalus, — is another name for Apulia, a district in Italy. Garganus,' now called Monte di S. Angelo, is a mountain in this district.

250-2. 'quæ ·

Arpos,' what motive had brought us to Arpi, the name afterwards given to Argyripa. Auditis,' to what he had heard: 'Saturnia regna,' over whom Saturn formerly reigned.

254-7. ignota,' hitherto unknown to you; peace prevailed under Saturn. Quicumque,' all of us who: Mitto viros,' I say nothing of those hardships, which were suffered during the war, under the lofty walls of Troy, or of those men whom the Simois covers with its waves. 259-60. Vel - manus,' a band of men whom even Priam ought to pity. Scit-Sidus,' the fearful storm excited by Minerva attests this; see Book I. 39-45, and notes; Sidus,' the constellation for the tempest supposed to be caused by the rising of the constellation. 'Caphereus'; a promontory of Euboea, where the younger Ajax was shipwrecked. 262-5. Atrides - Exsulat,' Menelaus, the son of Atreus, was driven into exile as far as the pillars of Proteus,—the name given to certain islands near Alexandria in Egypt; see notes to Geor. IV. 387. Ulys ses'; see Book III. 613-30. Neoptolemi; see Book III. 330-3. 'Idomenei'; see Book III. 121-2. Some of the Locrians passed over from Italy into Africa; see Book III. 399.

266. The king of Mycena himself, the leader of the great Greeks; Agamemnon, for whose death, see note to Book III. 330.

268-70.devictam adulter,' the adulterer (Ægisthus, the paramour of Clytemnestra) overcame by stratagem the conqueror of Asia; 'devictam Asiam,' for victorem Asia. The gods have prevented me from returning to the altars of my fathers, and seeing once more my beloved wife and fair city of Calydon; see note to Book VII. 306. 'Invidisse,' 'an referam' understood.

272. By the anger of Venus, the companions of Diomed were changed into birds. A strange class of sea-birds, frequenting certain islands off the coast of Apulia, were called "the birds of Diomed."

275-8. Hæc-quum,' these misfortunes, which I ought to have expected, have befallen me since the time when, &c. Diomed wounded Venus in the hand, when she came to assist the Trojans. tales pugnas; wars of such unhappy issue, as those against the Trojans. 2801.malorum,' calamities, which I brought upon the Trojans. 'patriis ab oris,' from your native shores.

283-7. 'experto-hastam,' believe one who has found from experi

ence, how high Eneas lifts his great shield, with what force he hurls the spear. 'duo-tales,' two more such men : 'Inachias,' Grecian; see note to Book VII. 286. ultro,' of his own accord,- for offensive war: ' versis fatis,' a far different issue of the contest.

288-90.Quidquid cessatum est,' whatever delay was caused.

Hæ

sit,' was obstructed by: vestigia retulit,' was put back, suffered reverses. 293. Quâ datur,' in any way that is possible.

เ

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295-8. And what Diomed's opinion is respecting this great war. varius fremor,' as in Book X. 97. morantur,' dam gurgite,' the current being stopped.

up: ' clauso

301-2. Præfatus divos, having first invoked the gods. 'summâ statuisse,' to have deliberated on the critical state of affairs.

305. 'cum

deorum,' with a people of divine origin. 308-11. 'quam,' for aliquam': 'adscitis Etolain armis,' of uniting the arms of the Etolians to your own: Ponite,' lay aside: 'spes quisque,' each one must hope in himself only: 'quàm angusta,' how small this hope is; in what a prostrate and ruined condition are all our other except this hope- is all manifest and visible to you; 'inter manus esse,' to be manifest, palpable.

resources —

·

312-4. Potuit-fuit,' the greatest valor, which could exist, has been manifested. Toto corpore,' with the whole strength. 'quæ-menti,' what opinion now occupies my yet unsettled mind.

316-7. antiquus,' long cultivated: Sicanos'; see Book VII. 795. 320-1. 'et-Teucrorum,' and a pine-bearing tract on the lofty mountain be ceded in token of friendship to the Trojans.

324-5. Sin Est animus,' if their intention is: aliam gentem,' another territory.

327. Seu-valent,' or more, if they are able to man them.

329. Præcipiant,' let them prescribe: manus,' labor: 'navalia,' ship's stores.

་

'Con

333-5. auri- talenta,' a weight, or quantity, of gold and ivory: 'sellam,' a curule chair: trabeam'; see note Book VII. 188. sulite in medium,' deliberate together for the common good. 337-41. Obliquâ invidia,' with squint-eyed envy Largus opum,' abounding in wealth. consiliis- auctor,' considered an able adviser in council. incertum ferebat,' on the father's side he was ignoble. 345-7.sed mussant,' but they dare not say so openly. 'flatus remittat,' and lower his arrogance: mores sinistros,' perverse character. 349. Lumina ducum,' illustrious leaders.

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351-6. et armis,' even while he boastfully threatens heaven with his arms. Unum etiam Adjicias,' you should add yet one thing: 'plurima,' in great abundance: 'dici,' to be appropriated by: vincat-ge nero Des,' overcome your determination to give your daughter to a noble son-in-law: et- firmes,' and to confirm this peace by a permanent

connexion.

358-9. Ipsum,' Turnus: veniam,' permission: Let him yield, and allow the king and the country again to exercise their own rights. 361. o caput,' O thou, who art the author.

363-6. pignus,' Lavinia, whose marriage with Æneas would confirm the peace. invisum moror,' whom you feign to consider as your enemy, and I care not if I am. 'et-abi,' confess that you are conquered and depart.

369. 'et-est,' and if you find so great delight in receiving the kingdom as a dowry; 'regia,' for regnum.'

เ

371. In order that Turnus may obtain a royal spouse.

374-6. If you have any of your father's bravery, dare to look him in the face, who challenges you. violentia Turni,' the passionate Turnus. 378-9. You indeed, Drances, have always great copiousness of speech, when the war calls for action; when the chiefs are summoned to council. 381. Quæ volant,' which big words are safely thrown out by you.