size, which laid waste Crete; Hercules brought it alive to Eurystheus, and therefore, mactas' in this connexion means subdued. A victory over a great lion, which infested the Nemean grove, was another triumph of this hero.

296. See note to Book VI. 123. 'janitor Orci,' Cerberus. 298-301. Typhoëus'; Geor. I. 279, and note.

Hercules assisted the gods against the giants. Typhoeus'; the two last vowels form a diphthong. non-anguis,' the Lernæan serpent, with its crowd of heads, did not wind itself round you destitute of resources, or of wisdom 'decus wherewith to find a way to victory; see note to Book VI. 285.

- divis'; Hercules was translated to heaven after his death, and is here represented as honoring the other gods with his presence. 302. Come propitious, with favoring step, to us and to your own rites. 306-7. divinis rebus Perfectis,' the sacred ceremonies being comobsitus ævo,' full of years. pleted: referunt se,' they return.

·

310-5. faciles,' wandering round, often turning: capitur,' is delighted by. Evandrus,''ait understood: Romanæ arcis'; as Rome was founded on the site of Evander's city, the Arcadian king is here styled, the founder of Rome. The Fauns were roguish sylvan deities, having legs like goats, but the rest of the body human. Evander says, that they and the Nymphs, with a race of men who dwelt in the trunks of trees, and were supposed to be born from these trees, formed the aboriginal inhabitants of Italy. truncis et robore,' for 'truncis roborum,' the trunks of oaks.

316-7. neque - cultus,' neither fixed habits of life, nor civilization of any kind: parcere parto,' to husband what they had obtained.

321-2. Saturn, exiled from heaven by Jove, came to reign in Italy, where he civilized the people and taught them useful arts, so that his 'Is-Composuit,' he stay among them was called "the golden age tamed the savage race, &c. These rude traditions respecting the early state of Italy, embellished with poetical diction, must have pleased Virgil's contemporaries.

323. latuisset'; a singular derivation of the name "Latium," from 'latuisset,' because Saturn had been concealed there.

326-9. decolor,' that had lost its brightness; that is, the brightness of gold: 'amor habendi,' the thirst of gain. Sicana; see note to Book VII. 795. The Ausones were usually esteemed as the aborigines of Italy, but here they are mentioned as immigrants. nomen posuit,' laid aside changed its name.

6

330-3. The Tiber, it seems, was named after an ancient king in Italy; it was formerly called Albula. patriâ,' Arcadia: 'pelagi — seAt this early period, quentem,' going to the farthest limits of the sea. the Greeks considered Italy almost as the western bounds of the world. 335-6. matris ·Apollo,' the fearful monitions of my mother, the nymph Carmentis, urged me on, and the god Apollo advised this course. 'aram'; the altar 337-8. progressus,' having walked farther on: erected to Carmentis stood near the gate, called after her name. 340-4. Vatis; Carmentis was a prophetess: Pallanteum'; see note to 54. 'Asylum Retulit,' he called it Asylum, because he made it a sanctuary for fugitives. The 'Lupercal' was a cave under mount Palatine, called after the Arcadian fashion, from the Lycaan Pan; the Arcadians named this deity λuxos, lupus,' whence Lupercal.' Parrhasia was a district of Arcadia.

345-6. nemus Argileti,' the grove of Argiletus, which was near the Capitol. It was so called from the death of Argus Argi letum' -a guest of Evander, who was slain by Evander's people without his knowledge. Testatur,' points out: 'docet,' informs Eneas about, &c. 347-8. Tarpeiam'; the name of one of the summits of the Capitoline hill. From a precipice on one side of it, state criminals were usually thrown down. 'Aurea,' magnificent, as the central point of Roman

greatness and splendor. Virgil shows great art in clothing the early history of this hill with religious mystery.

353-4. quum-cieret,' when he often brandished with his right arm the gloomy agis (celestial shield) and roused the storms.

357-8. In Evander's time, on the Capitoline hill, formerly called the Saturnian, and on the Janiculum, another eminence, on the opposite side of the Tiber, were the ruins of two cities, founded respectively by

Saturn and Janus.

360-1. The Roman forum was close beneath the Capitol. When Virgil proudly contrasted the magnificence of this spot in his own day, with its wild and rustic aspect in the times of Evander, when herds of cattle browsed upon its herbage, he little imagined, that in a few centuries more, the Roman forum would reassume its ancient appearance, and become again a pasture for cows. Such is its condition at the present day, and the modern Italians have appropriately termed it il Campo Vaccino. "Thus the whirligig of time brings about its revenges." The Carina' was a street at the farther part of the forum, called 'lauta' from the splendor of its edifices.

362-5. 'sedes,' the house of Evander. 'et-deo'; that is, make yourself like Hercules in despising wealth: 'rebus — egenis,' come not scornfully into an humble habitation.

368. Libystidis ursa'; see note to Book V. 37.

370. The episode which follows, of Venus going to her husband Vulcan, to obtain arms for her son, is closely imitated from Homer.

6

375-6. Debita,' appointed by fate to destruction. 'Non-miseris,' I did not ask any aid for the wretched people.

379. Although I owed much to the sons of Priam; Paris was the only one of these sons, who had conferred obligations on Venus.

382-5. 'sanctum mihi,' reverenced by me: Arma - nato,' I, a mother, ask arms for my son. 'filia Nerei '; Thetis, who obtained from Vulcan arms for her son Achilles, as - Tithonia conjux,' Aurora-did for her son Memnon. moenia,' cities.

386-9. Sharpen the sword against me, and for the slaughter of my friends. hinc-hinc,' on both sides, folding him in her embrace: 'Cunctantem,'' Vulcanum' understood; hesitating, whether to yield or not. 'flammam,' the flame of desire.

391-3. Non-olim,' just so at times, &c.: Ignea - nimbos,' a fiery rift, glittering with light, runs through the clouds. 'Sensit,' perceived the effect: formæ conscia,' conscious of the power of her beauty. 395-6. causas ex alto,' far-fetched reasons: similis fuisset,' if such had been your wish, I would even have armed the Trojans, and thus delayed the fall of the city.

6

401-2. Whatever skill in my profession I am able to promise you, I hereby do promise; promitto understood. 'electro'; a composite metal, much used in fine work.

406. infusus,' reclining upon.

407-8. Inde somnun, then, when the first rest had taken away the desire for sleep, in the middle period of the already lapsed night, &c. The last clause is a mere periphrasis for midnight. A homely but graphic comparison follows, of the fire-god rising thus early to his labors with an active housewife, up before dawn, and scolding her maids to their task.

409-13. Cui - Impositum,' whose lot it is to support life by plying the distaff and the humble work, (spinning,) over which Minerva presides; see note to Book V. 284. Noctem-operi,' adding a night task to her work by day : ‘ad lumina,' by lamp light' : ' penso'; the weighed amount of wool assigned as her task to a female slave: castum possit'; that is, that she may have the wherewithal to live honestly, without violating the purity of her husband's bed.

416. Sicanium-latus, near the Sicilian shore, to the northeast, lie

the islands, even now called the Lipari. Æoliæ insula' was another name of the same isles. A volcano on one of them caused it to be considered as a forge of Vulcan, whose principal smithy was in Etna. 418. Cyclopum'; see note to Geor. IV. 170. 'exesa,' excavated. 420-1.referunt gemitum,' create a din: 'Stricture,' lumps of metal, which they were forging: Chalybum'; see note to Geor. I. 58; as if the crude metal had been obtained from the Chalybes.

423.Hoc,' the old form for huc.'

425. These names are fanciful appellations for different Cyclops. 427. Fulmen,' a thunderbolt; see note to Geor. IV. 170. ́ ́ genitor,' Jove: quæ plurima,' very many of which.

429-30. The bolt is composed of twelve rays or darts, three on each of the four sides. It is ingeniously supposed, that the usual accompaniments of a flash of lightning form the materials, of which the bolt is made; three, 'imbris torti,' of hail, or congealed rain: three, nubis aquosa,' of watery cloud, or rain: three, rutili ignis,' of bright flame, or flashes of lightning: three,alitis austri,' of the winged wind. 431-6. A sublime conception nobly expressed! flammis - iras,' and the fierceness of quickly following flames. Mars, the god of battle, is usually represented in his war-chariot. Egida'; the shield of Minerva with the Gorgon's head upon it. 'auroque,' for 'aureis.' 437-8. See note to Book II. 616. lumina,' for 'oculos.' 439.inquit,'Vulcanus' understood, who tells them to put aside their present task, and to join all in forging arms for Æneas.

·

444-8.pariter - Sortiti,' having divided their task equally: chalybs,' steel informant,' they fashion: septenos Impediunt,' they clasp together seven circular plates of metal one upon the other.

449-53. Repeated with slight alterations from Geor. IV. 171 - 5. 454-6.Lemnius'; on the birth of Vulcan, his mother Juno, disgusted by his ugliness, threw him down from heaven, and he fell upon the island of Lemnos, and broke his leg; whence this epithet. Notice the happy effect, with which the poet passes from a scene of gloom, terror, and thundering noises, to one of exquisite beauty and repose, the dawn of day, Evander's thatched house, and the twittering of birds under the eaves.

458-60. Tuscan sandals were bound to the foot with thongs. Tegeæum,' Arcadian; Tegea was a city of Arcadia. Drawing round a panther's hide, that hung from his left shoulder, so as to bring up its other end under the right arm.

463.secreta; that is, the interior part of the building.

465-6. se agebat,' rose from sleep: huic,' Evander: illi,' Æneas. 468-9.licito sermone,' free conversation: hæc,' 'dicit' understood. 472-3. We have small means for giving aid in war, considering the great reputation of this Arcadian colony; on one side we are shut in by the Tuscan river, the Tiber.

---

475-9. paro,' I intend: opulenta castra regnis,' the troops of wealthy kingdoms; Gr. § 323. 3. 'Fatis-affers, you come hither by the will of the fates, for they have prepared the way for you. Haud — sedes,' not far from this place, the city of Agylla, founded on the ancient rock, is inhabited by a Lydian people; there was a tradition, that the Etrurians came originally from Lydia.

481-2. 'Hanc,' urbem understood: 'rex-armis,' king Mezentius afterwards governed with haughty sway and cruel exercise of arms; compare Book VII. 652-4, and notes.

484. Di reservent,' may the gods visit such crimes upon his own head and on his children; 'talia' understood.

486-8. Placing them (the living and the dead) hand to hand, and face to face, -O frightful kind of torture! - and drenching them with corruption and blood in this horrible embrace, he thus destroyed them by a slow death.

489-93. ipsum,' Mezentius: 'furentem infanda,' raging with unspeakable cruelty. elapsus,' having escaped by stealth: Confugere'; Gr. § 209. Rem 5: defendier'; Gr. § 322. I. 6. Turni hospitis," of Turnus, his friend and guest.

494-5.surrexit, broke out in rebellion: præsenti Marte,' with war now going on. As Mezentius had joined Turnus, his revolted subjects would make common cause with Eneas.

497-9. fremunt'; refers to the tumult among the ships' companies. 'Mæonie'; the ancient name of Lydia, whence the Etrurians came. 502-3. Nulli - Italo,' no Italian is permitted: 'optate,' select. 505-9.Ipse Tarcho,' Tarcho himself, who was the leader of the insurgents: insignia,' ensigns of a king: 'Succedam-capessam,' in order that I might enter his camp and assume the Etrurian kingdom. 'sæclis, for annis': seræ- vires,' my strength too much exhausted for great deeds.

510. Evander's wife being a Sabine, his son was half an Italian, and therefore could not take the command; see 502.

512. generi,' family, because Eneas was a foreigner.

515-20. Sub Militiam,' under your guidance he may perform military service. Pallas,'' dabit' understood: 'defixi — tenebant'; compare Book II. 1.

522-6. putabant,' they were reflecting upon: 'Ni' refers to a clause understood, as "they would have pondered much longer," unless, &c. 'Namque fulgor,' for unexpectedly, a flash quivering from the sky: ruere visa,' seemed to fall; the noise was like the crash of a falling edifice. Tyrrhenus,' for Tyrrhena': 'mugire,' to resound.

529. sudum,' the unclouded heavens: 'pulsa tonare,' to sound, as if clashed together.

532-4. Ne-quere,' do not, my host, do not inquire what this sound means. Olympo'; Gr. § 225. II. Æneas means, that Evander need not be alarmed. My goddess mother told me beforehand, that she would send this signal; 'missuram,'' se esse' understood.

538-40.quàm- rumpant,' how many shields, helmets, and bodies of brave men will you, O father Tiber, roll along under your waves! Let them call for battle, let them break off the treaties!

542-3. Herculeis-aras,' by hypallage, for Herculeos ignes sopitos in aris'; the Herculean fire was the one kindled the day before on that hero's altar, and afterwards brought home, to raise the flame on the domestic shrines. 'hesternum Larem,' the household god, which to Æneas was one of yesterday, for he never knew it before.

547-50. Æneas retains some of his companions, to attend him on his visit to Tarcho, at Agylla; the others he sends back in the ship, down the river, to inform Ascanius and the other Trojans, of their leader's success in his embassy. 'qui- legit,' he selects some, distinguished for valor, to follow him to the camp and warlike array at Agylla; bella ' must refer to the insurgent subjects of Mezentius, and their preparations for war, or the sentence is unintelligible. pronâ aquâ,' the same as secundo amni,' down the stream: 'segnis'; that is, not obliged to row, the current carrying them on. 'rerum,' 'gestarum' understood. 552. Ducunt exsortem,' they lead forth a chosen steed for Æneas. 555-8. Tyrrheni-regis'; that is, to Agylla, where Mezentius once reigned propiùs-timor,' their fright increases with the imminent danger: Martis,' of war: 'euntis,'' Pallantis' understood; of Pallas as he was departing.

560-3. 'O si,' for utinam'; would that: 'Qualis-Stravi,' such as I was, when I destroyed the first army, near the city of Præneste; see note to Book VII. 678. Herilum'; an ancient king, known only from what is here said of him.

564-5. Nascenti - mater,' to whom, at his birth, his mother Feronia had given three lives; therefore, 'terna-movenda,' the contest

had thrice to be renewed; and “thrice he slew the slain." Feronia'; see note to Book VII. 695.

568-71. Referring to lines 560-1; if I had my youthful power again, I would never be separated,' &c. 'neque - Funera,' nor would our neighbour Mezentius ever have caused so many cruel deaths with the sword, deriding our person, despising me and my power.

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573-4. Arcadii regis,' meaning himself: patrias preces,' the prayer of a father. This pathetic supplication is in Virgil's best manner. 576-8. et unum,' and if I am to meet him again: 'patiar-laborem,' I will bear patiently any other calamity. 'aliquem casum,' an affecting but distant allusion to the possibility of his son's death, which the father has not the courage to speak of more openly. Evander seems to have a foreboding of his impending affliction. 584. collapsum,' having fainted from excess of feeling. 588-90. pictis armis; ornamented with gold and silver tracery. 'Lucifer'; see note to Ecl. VIII. 17. Oceani perfusus undâ;'exquisite expression; - having just risen above the Occan. This whole simile, indeed, is most elegant and tasteful. Quem Venus diligit'; the morning star is also called 'stella Veneris.'

-an

592-7. Å fine picture of the troop, clad in shining brass, going on its way, where the road winds among thickets, and anxious mothers are watching the band from the city walls. proxima - viarum,' the first turn in the road. 'Quadrupedante - campum '; a line much admired, because the sound so finely expresses the sense, the quick tramp of horses' hoofs. putrem,' dusty, of a crumbling soil. tis'; the river near Agylla, or Care; see note to Book VII. 652.

Cæri

599-602.cavi,' making a hollow, inclosing. Silvano'; see note to Ecl. X. 24. Pelasgos'; see note to Book I. 624. The Greeks sent colonies to Italy at a very early period. lucunque diemque,' consecrated both the grove and a day, to be considered as holy for this god. 'aliquando,' in former days: 'fines,' territory.

605-6. tendebat'; were encamped: bello lecta'; see line 547. The story, how Tarcho received Eneas, is resumed and completed in Book X. 148, et seqq.

610. Ut,' when: 'natum secretum,' her son in a solitary spot. 614. in prælia poscere,' to challenge.

617-8. donis,' with viewing the gifts; compare line 265.

619-20. 'versat,' turns them over, to examine them: 'flammas vomentem; by hyperbole, to express their brightness.

622. Sanguineam,' terrible. The comparison to a dark cloud, the edges of which are kindled into flame by the sun's rays, is very fine. 625. non-textum'; that is, sculpture so minute and copious, that it is difficult to describe it. The remainder of the book is devoted to explaining the remarkable events in Roman history, which the fire. god had prefigured on the shield. The interior part, round the umbo,' represented the sea-fight at Actium. The exterior zone was divided into nine compartments, representing so many different subjects. 627. Haud ignarus,' not ignorant of the predictions of prophets. 630-4. Mavortis in antro,' in the care of Mars, because this god was the reputed father of the 'geminos,' twin brothers, Romulus and Remus; see note to Book I. 273. This picture, of the wolf suckling the infants, occupied the first division of the shield. fœtam,' having brought forth: 'illam — linguâ,' bending round her slender neck, she caressed them alternately, and smoothed their bodies with her tongue. 635-8. The rape of the Sabines is the second subject. 'sine more,' in a tumultuous fashion. The rape took place, Consessu-actis,' among the assemblage in the circus, while the great Circensian games were going on. A war ensued between the Romans and Tatius, king of the Sabines; 'Curibus'; see note to Book VI. 812. 639-41. The third division represented the reconciliation of the