506-11. hic-facit,' one armed with a half burnt brand; another with a heavy and knotty stake; whatever each one found in his search, anger converts it into a weapon. 'Scindebat Quadrifidam,' was splitting into quarters: 'spirans immanè, Vocat agmina,' breathing rage, calls together the troop. 'e speculis,' from her lurking-place.

513. Pastorale-signum,' gives the shepherds' signal, by blowing a horn on the housetop.

516-7. lacus Trivia'; now the Lago di Nemi, not far from the village of Gensano. audiit - Velini,' the river Nar, white with its sulphurous waters, and the springs of Velinus heard it. The river Nar, the water of which has a milky hue, and is slightly impregnated with sulphur, empties into the Tiber. The river Velinus, now called the Velino, flows into the Nar.

519-21. vocem quâ dedit,' the note which the boding horn gave forth as the signal: Indomiti,' rude.

522-6. Pour forth to the assistance of Ascanius from the open gates of the camp. 'non-agresti,' already not in the manner of a mere rustic skirmish: agitur,' is the contest carried on: ancipiti,' twoedged: atra seges Horrescit,' the dark field bristles.

527. Struck by the sun's rays, and reflect the light to the clouds. 530-4. 'inde fundo,' then, rising from its lowest depths, tosses its waves into the air. Hic juvenis Almo Sternitur,' here the youth Almo is struck down: 'hæsit-vitam,' the arrow sticks in his throat, and chokes up with blood the moist passage of the voice, and stops the faint breath; vulnus,' for 'sagitta."

535-6. Corpora,' 'sternuntur' understood: 'Dum - offert,' while he places himself between the parties to restore peace.

538. Quinque-balantùm,' he had five flocks of sheep: 'redibant,' were wont to return from pasture.

540-2. æquo Marte; fortune inclining neither way, the battle being undecided. 'dea,' Allecto: facta potens Promissi,' having fulfilled her engagement. Imbuit,' for 'initiavit': 'et-pugnæ,' and

caused the first deaths in the battle.

543-4. et auras,' and borne through the air, the vault of heaven; convexa is in apposition with 'auras,' and 'evecta' is understood. victrix,' having accomplished her purpose.

546. Speak, tell them to meet together in friendship, and form an alliance, and see if they will obey you.

548. I will add this also to what I have already done, if your desire is made known to me.

'Stant,' exist, are

552-4. fraudis abundè'; Gr. § 212. Rem. 4. created. Fresh blood has imbued the arms, which chance first supplied. 556. Egregium genus,' the excellent son of Venus, -in irony. 559-62. Cede - regam,' leave this place. If any chance of diffi culty remains, I will myself direct it; 'super-est,' by tmesis. Even the wings of the Fury are covered with snakes. supera ardua,' the upper world; Gr. § 205. Rem. 7. (3)

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565-9. Amsancti valles'; a celebrated valley and lake in the country of the Samnites, in Italy. A cave in this valley, like that near lake Avernus, from the noxious vapors which it sent forth, was considered as one of the openings to the infernal regions. densis - nemoris,' a wooded hill-side on either hand shuts in this place, dark with thick foliage: 'torto vortice,' with whirling eddies. sævi — Ditis,' a breathing hole of cruel Pluto, - an opening to Tartarus: 'rupto― vorago,' a great chasm reaching down to Hades.

570-1. queis- Erinnys,' sinking into which, the Fury-'terras levabat,' relieved earth and sky of her presence.

572-3. extremam Imponit manum'; we also speak of putting the last hand to a work, for executing the final process, or completing it. 577-8. medio ingeminat,' and while accusing the Trojans, excites the fear, that the country would be wasted with fire and sword.

580-2. Those also meet together, whose mothers, inspired by Bacchus, leap about in the dance amid the thick groves, for the authority of Amata's name was not small: Martem fatigant,' cry out for war. 583-4. contra omina, Contra fata deûm,' contrary to the auspices, contrary to the will of the gods: perverso,' for 'irato.'

588-92. Quæ tenet,' which maintains itself by its weight and firm position, while many waves are roaring around it: laterialga,' and the sea-weed, hurled against its sides, is thrown off again. cæcum Consilium,' insane purpose: 'nutu,' according to the wish.

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593. 'auras inanes,' the open skics, the free expanse of heaven. 595. sacrilego'; because acting against the divine will.

598-600. Nam-spolior,' for rest is prepared for me, and being close to the entrance of a harbour from trouble, I am deprived only of a happy death; — I am old, and only the close of life can be disturbed by these events; omnis in limine,' as if totus in aditu.' nas,' the direction of affairs.

601-2. quem ·

a solemn usage.

' rerum habe

sacrum,' which the Alban cities constantly kept up as

604-6. Getis,'' Hyrcanis'; see notes to Geor. III. 462, and Æneid, Book IV. 367. "Auroram sequi,' to follow the dawn, poetically, for making an expedition to the east. Parthos-signa,' and demand back the standards from the Parthians. The king of the Parthians, afraid of being attacked by Augustus, of his own accord sent back to him the standards and captives taken when Crassus, several years before, was defeated with great slaughter.

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607-9. Belli'; that is, the temple of Janus; see note to Book I. 294. The custom of opening the gates of the temple of Janus, on the commencement of a war, certainly existed before the time of the Romans. 'ærei'; a dissyllable; Gr. § 306.

611. ubi - pugnæ,' when the resolution of the senate is taken for war. 612-3. The consul himself, arrayed in the garment of Quirinus, and with the Gabine cincture, opened the creaking doors. This cincture was formed by the toga thrown back over the left shoulder, and brought round under the right arm. The citizens of Gabii being once suddenly attacked, while employed in religious ceremonies, they left the altar, and in this dress fought and defeated the enemy. Quirinali trabeâ'; see note to line 187.

615. And the brazen trumpets respond together in hoarse concord. 616-7. Hoc More Latinus jubebatur, Latinus was requested in this manner to open the gates of the temple, and proclaim war.

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620-3. Tum Saturnia, regina deùm,' &c. morantes,' moving with difficulty: 'et- - postes,' and forced back the iron-bound gates of war, revolving on their hinges. 'immobilis'; Latium had been long at peace. 627-8. subigunt secures,' and sharpen the battle-axes on a whetstone: Signa-juvat,' they are delighted to carry the standards.

630-3. Atina was in the country of the Volsci. Tibur is now Tivoli. Crustumerium was not far from Rome, in the Sabine territory. Antemnæ was at the confluence of the Anio and the Tiber. Crustumeri,' the citizens of Crustumerium, the metre not allowing the name of the town itself. Tegmina capitum,' helmets: salignas willow framework of the shields.

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634. Or beat out the polished greaves from malleable silver.

crates,' the

635-7. honos,' regard for: 'Cessit huc,' yields to this passion for arms; they beat their ploughshares into swords, and their pruning. hooks to spears. 'recoquunt,' they forge over again. 'it - signum,' the signal passes round for war; the 'tessera' was a square bit of board, with a token or watchword inscribed on it.

639. auro trilicem,' inlaid with a triple line of gold.

641. The enumeration, which follows, of the tribes and cities that banded themselves together against the Trojans, is evidently imitated

from Homer's famous catalogue of the ships. The passage is not so interesting as that brilliant episode, for most of the cities here mentioned, even in Virgil's time, were either level with the ground, or had lost much of their former splendor. The learned of our own day can hardly determine the site of most of them. Pandite Helicona,' open Helicon, so that the poet may have access to it. Helicon was a famous mountain

of Boeotia, near Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and the Muses, whence the poet derived his inspiration.

643-4. quibus viris,' with what men the beautiful land of Italy was even then favored.

646. Hardly a faint rumor of their glory has come down to us.

648-50. Mezentius was king of Care in Etruria, whence he was expelled by his own subjects. Filius-Lausus,' next, his son Lausus : corpore Turni,' for 'T'urno.'

652. Agyllinâ ex urbe,' from the city of Agylla, the ancient name of Cære. nequidquam secutos,' following him in vain, because they could not avert his death.

654. Worthy of a better father, for Mezentius was a cruel tyrant. 655-7. Post-Aventinus,' after these, the beautiful Aventinus, the son of noble Hercules, displays on the turf his chariot distinguished by the palm of triumph in the race, and his victorious horses: insigne paternum,' the device of his father; that is, a Hydra surrounded by snakes. 660-2.sub luminis oras,' for 'in lucem'; secretly gave birth to: 'postquam arva,' when the victorious Hercules, after the death of Geryon, came to the Laurentian land. Laurentum was the capital of Latium. Tirynthius'; an epithet of Hercules, from the city of Tiryns, where he was nursed. After killing the three-headed monster Geryon, and taking possession of his fine oxen, the hero passed over from Iberia into Italy, bringing the cattle with him.

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tor

664-6. gerunt,' the followers of Aventinus carry: 'dolones,' pikes with iron heads: veruque Sabello,' and the Sabellian javelin. quens,' wearing the lion skin as a mantle, a part of it being thrown over his head, for a helmet.

671-2. A race called by the name of their brother Tiburtus; Catillus, Coras, and Tiburtus, the three sons of Amphiaraus, -see note to Book VI. 445,-founded the city of Tibur. Argiva, because they came originally from Argos.

674-5. 'Ceu duo nubigena Centauri,' as when two cloud-born Centaurs, who were the offspring of Ixion and the cloud. 'Homolen, Othrym'; two mountains of Thessaly.

678-80. Præneste was an ancient city of Latium, lying east of Rome. Cæculus, genitum Vulcano,' the son of Vulcan, was its founder. ventum focis,' found on a hearth, when he was an infant.

In

682-5. quique-Junonis,' and those who inhabit the country of Gabinian Juno; the men from the territory of Gabii, where Juno was particularly honored. The Hernici were a people of Sabine descent, inhabiting a rocky country on the east of Latium. Anagnia was their capital city, and the Amasenus, now the Toppia, a river on their borders. pascis,' support, nourish. 'Non- arma,' not all of them possess arms; that is, not regular arms.

686-90. pars spargit,' the greater part of them hurl balls of darkcolored lead: vestigia pero,' they march with the left foot unprotected; a boot of raw hide protects the other foot; 'Instituêre vestigia,' expresses the regular tramp of soldiery; altera,' agreeing with vestigia.'

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691-2. Messapus came from Greece, and established his kingdom in the eastern part of Etruria. Neptunia proles'; Neptune rendered his son invulnerable. 'neque fas cuiquam,' nor is it possible for any one. 695-8. Hi,' these, one party of the followers of Messapus: Hi,' another party of them: acies,'' ducunt' understood; lead forward the Tanks from Fescennia, a city of Etruria, near the confluence of the Nar

and the Tiber. The inhabitants of the city of 'Falerii,' which is near Fescennia, were called Æqui Falisci,' from the more ancient name of their abode. Soracte is a mountain near Rome, which Horace has made famous. Of the Flavinia arva' nothing is known, except from their mention in this place. Mount Ciminus is now called di Viterbo, and the lake di Ronciglione. Capena a city to the south of Falerii, where there was a grove sacred to the goddess Feronia. 'æquati numero,' in even ranks, with a measured step: canebant,' they sang the praises of. 700-5. et modos,' and send forth musical notes from their long necks. Asia palus'; see note to Geor. I. 383. longè Pulsa,' reverberating from afar. Nec- putet,' nor would any one suppose that, in this great multitude, were ranks clad in armour prepared for war; 'acies misceri' is the phrase for joining battle: 'sed aëriam nubem volucrum,' but he would think, that a cloud of birds high in the air: Urgeri,' were hastening on: 'ab gurgite,' from the sea.

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707-8. magni - instar'; as we say, equal to a host himself: 'Claudiagens,' from whom the Claudian clan and tribe is descended, or rather, has branched out. Romulus divided his people into three parts, called tribes, to which many others were added in after times; among them was the 'Claudia tribus.' The 'gens' comprised those who were directly descended from the founder of the family.

709-10. postquam- Sabinis'; a war between the Romans and the Sabines was terminated by admitting the latter people to the privileges of citizenship at Rome; after the Sabines were admitted to share the privileges of Romans. The cities of the Sabines, which sent auxiliaries to Turnus, are now enumerated. Among them we pass over, without farther notice, the following; Amiternum, Cures, (whence the name 'Quirites,') Eretum, Nomentum, Casperia, Foruli, Nursia, and Hortina. The term 'prisci' is applied to the ancient inhabitants of Cures before their junction with the Romans, after which event the designation of "Quirites' was given to the united nations.

711-2. Mutusca, otherwise called Trebula Mutusca, abounded in olives, the village now occupying its site being called Oliveto. The 'Rosea rura,' also called campi Roseme,' was a fertile spot in the Reatine territory, near lake Velinus.

713-5. The mountains, Tetrica and Severus, were in the district of Picenum. The Himella, now Aia, flows into the Tiber. The Fabaris, or Farfarus, is now called Farfa. Nursia is called 'frigida,' because situated far towards the north of the Sabine territory.

716-9. classes,' in the sense of 'copiæ'; the troops: 'infaustum Allia nomen'; on the banks of this small stream, the Romans were defeated with terrible slaughter by Brennus, king of the Gauls. 'marmore,' as in line 28: Orion'; see note to Book I. 535.

720.sole novo,' in the early part of summer. The troops are compared in number to the waves of the sea, and to the stalks of grain on a fertile field.

723. Agamemnonius'; Halesus was, probably, not a descendant from Agamemnon, but one of his companions.

725-6. Massica'; see note to Geor. II. 143. 'felicia Baccho,' fruitful in vines. The troops now enumerated were from Campania. 727-32. The Sidicini,' of Oscan origin, occupied a territory to the east of that of the Aurunci, in Campania. The Vulturnus, a shallow river of the same region, is now called Volturno. Cales corresponds to the modern Calvi. Equora,' the plains. Saticulus,' the inhabitant of Saticula, a city at the foot of the mountain Tifata; asper,' referring to their rough and hilly country. The Osci occupied both banks of the river Liris. aclydes; a kind of short javelin, to which a strap with a handle was attached - 'lento flagello,' so that they could be thrown and drawn back again. Lævas, the left arm: 'comminus,' suited for fighting hand to hand.

734-5. Sebethide nymphâ,' from a nymph, the daughter of the river Sebethus, which is now named della Maddalena. The island of Capreæ, off the gulf of Naples, was formerly possessed by the Telebowe, a race of Greek origin.

738-40. The Sarrastes dwelt on the banks of the river Sarnus, now the Sarno. The cities mentioned are of little note. Abella was placed on a hill, whence the inhabitants despectant,' looked down upon · the neighbouring plains.

741. They were wont, after the German fashion, to hurl missiles. 744-7. Nersæ was the chief city of the Equi, or Equiculi, a people living in a hilly country on both sides of the Anio. 'Equicula,' an adjective, belonging togens,' 'paret' understood: 'Horrida,' rough, barbarous: Venatu,' the dative, for venatui.'

749. et rapto,' and to live by plunder.

750-2. Marrubiâ de gente'; that is, the Marsi, who dwelt among the Apennines; their capital was Marrubium. Their prince was a priest and enchanter, as well as general. Fronde et olivâ,' by hendiadys, for fronde olivæ.' Archippi-missu,' sent by king Archippus. 753-4. Who, by incantations and by the touch, was wont to put to sleep the breed of vipers, and water-snakes with their noxious breaths. 757. in vulnera '; that is, for curing the wounds.

759-60. Compare Ecl. I. 40. The grove of the nymph Anguitia, the sister of Circe, was near the lake Fucinus, now Lago di Celano. 761-2. Hippolyti proles,' a son of Hippolytus; see note to Book VI. 445. Aricia may mean either the ancient city of that name in Latium, or the nymph Aricia, who was the mother of Virbius. Near the city was a fountain and grove sacred to the nymph Egeria, and here Virbius was educated. A temple of Diana also stood near.

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764. pinguis,' abounding in sacrifices: 'placabalis,' refers to the kindness of the goddess in saving Iphigenia; see note to Book II. 116. 765-9.novercæ'; Phædra: patrias-pœnas,' had satisfied the vengeance of his father with his life: Turbatis-equis,' torn in pieces by the maddened steeds, for such was the manner of his death. 'Pæoniis herbis,' medicinal herbs; Pæon was the physician of the gods. 772-7. Phœbigenam repertorem'; Esculapius, the son of Apollo, and the inventor of the healing art, was struck with lightning by Jupiter, who was indignant, that he should restore dead men to life. Trivia,' Diana relegat,' intrusts him to: : 'ignobilis Exigeret,' he spent his days unnoticed: verso nomine,' his name being changed. On his account, horses were never allowed to approach this temple of Diana. 781-2. Filius-equos,' his son, notwithstanding, directed his spirited coursers over the plain.

784-6. Vertitur,' moves :

'toto

- suprà,' taller than the others by a whole head. Cui - Sustinet,' whose lofty helmet, waving with a triple bunch of hair, bears the image of the Chimara.

788–92. ‘Quàin magis crudescunt pugnæ,' the more the battle rages. His shield represented lo, in the form of a heifer, guarded by Argus; also, her father Inachus, the river god, with his urn. See note to Geor. III. 153. 'sublatis cornibus,' with upraised horns: Auro,' carved in gold: Argumentum ingens,' a noble subject for the artist.

794-7. Argiva pubes; since Turnus was himself of Argive descent; see line 372. The Sicani,' driven from Spain, dwelt a while in Italy, before they migrated into Sicily. Sacranæ,' a name applied to the inhabitants of Ardea, quia sacra Cybeles apud illos magno in honore erant.'' Labici,' the inhabitants of Labicum, an ancient city of Latium; they bore painted shields. Numici'; see note to line 150.

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799-802. In the district round the Circæan promontory and the city of Anxur, now Terracina, an Italian divinity, named 'Jupiter Anxurus,' was especially honored. Feronia luco'; see note to line 695. 'Saturæ palus; probably, the same with the celebrated Pontine marshes, through which the river Ufens flows.