· 6 chariot over a brazen bridge, and darted about burning torches to imitate the lightning. Jupiter struck him down with a real thunderbolt. 589-94. Ibat ovans,' journeyed in pomp: 'cornipedum pulsu equorum,' with the clatter of horses' hoofs.non faces,' no torches, but real thunderbolts: præcipitem adegit,' hurled him down headlong. 595-7. Necnon et Tityon Cernere erat,' Tityus might also be seen. 'alumnum,' the foster-son. He was a giant son of Jupiter, born under the earth, where Jove concealed his mother from the anger of Juno. Attempting to violate Latona, he was killed by Apollo, and was punished in hell by a vulture feeding upon his liver, which was constantly renewed. 6 per — Porrigitur,' whose body is stretched out over nine whole acres of ground. 598-9. fœcunda pœnis,' abounding in the means of punishment, because constantly renewed: rimatur epulis,' searches for food. 601. See notes to Geor. II. 457. and III. 38; and line 122 of this book. 602-4. Their punishment is to sit under a rock, which perpetually threatens to fall and crush them. Others are tormented by hunger, while a rich banquet is constantly before them. 'Lucent-toris,' there shine the golden frames of lofty festal couches. - 608-11. The magnificence of these verses, as far as line 627, is well suited to the pure and noble morality inculcated in them. quibus — fratres,' those who hated their brothers. fraus clienti'; the relation between patron and client was deemed such a sacred obligation of protection and friendship, that no penalty was too severe for one who wronged the other. qui repertis, who clung selfishly to the wealth they had obtained: suis,' for their friends and relatives. 6 - 613-7. This refers to treason on the part of slaves and freedmen. Giving the right hand was a pledge of good faith, and those who broke the engagement were said 'fallere dextras.' 'Ne - pœnam,' do not ask to be informed what punishment is inflicted: mersit,' hath come upon them. radiis pendent,' or hang stretched upon the spokes of wheels 618-20.Theseus'; see note to line 122; his punishment was to remain for ever seated in one spot. Phlegyas was a robber-king, who even dared to plunder and burn the temple at Delphi. He was destroyed with all his people by fire from heaven. The idea of making him, in the darkness of his place of punishment, constantly utter a solemn monition against impiety and wrong, rises to the height of the sublime. 'moniti,' admonished by my example. 622. Laws were inscribed on brazen tablets and set up in public places; fixit atque refixit,' enacted and repealed: pretio,' by bribery. 624. All who attempted any great crime, and those who succeeded in the attempt. It is pure morality to measure the guilt, not merely by the wrong actually accomplished, but by the criminal intent. 629-31.carpe munus,' pass on, and finish the affair which you have undertaken. Cyclopum-portas,' I see the walls constructed in the furnaces of the Cyclops, and the entrance under the archway over against us. The palace of Pluto is meant, the iron walls of which were forged by the Cyclops. Eneas does not enter the building, but hangs up the golden branch on the doorpost, and passes on. 633-5. opaca viarum'; Gr. § 205. Rem. 9. 'Corripiunt -medium, they hastily pass over the intervening ground. Æneas sprinkles himself with fresh water, by way of purification, before he approaches the palace. Such was the custom on entering a temple. 637. divæ,' to Proserpina. 640-1. Largior Thre Purpureo,' here a purer atmosphere and one of bright light surrounds the fields: 'nôrunt,' they enjoy. 644-7. A part strike their feet in the dance, and recite verses. Icius sacerdos'; Orpheus, who was both poet and priest. Accompanies his poetical numbers with the seven musical notes, now beating them with his fingers, now with the ivory stick. The lyre had seven strings, and was played upon by the ivory instrument called a plectrum. 649-52. melioribus annis,' in happier years. 'Ilus,' &c.; see "Introduction to the Story." inanes,' empty; the war-chariots were kept only for amusement, the spears were stuck in the ground, and the steeds grazed at liberty in the fields. 653-5. Quæ-repôstos,' whatever delight, when alive, they had in chariots and arms, whatever taste for keeping fine horses, the same pleasure abides with them, when their bodies are laid in the ground. rum,' by syncope, for curruum.' cur 657-61. Vescentes,' feasting: Pæana,' a hymn in honor of Apollo, or of the other gods, sung in chorus. unde amnis,' whence the abundant river Po flows through the wood up to the world above; the source of this river is placed in the nether regions; see Geor. IV. 366-73. Hic manus,' here the patriotic bands: casti,' upright. 6 663-4. Or those who improved the modes of living by the arts, which they invented, and those who by their merits have caused their names to be remembered on the earth. 667-8. Musæus was an early Greek bard, of whom little is known in true history. 'atque - altis,' and looks up to him rising above them with his lofty shoulders; conformably to the common notion of the degenerate stature of men in modern days. 670. ‘illius ergo,' on his account; 'ergo' is here a substantive. 673-8. Nulli-domus,' no one has a fixed habitation: 'et- rivis,' and meadows fresh with running streams. 'si - voluntas,' if your heart's desire is such:et- sistam,' and I will bring you to him by an easy path. Musæus then goes before them along the ridge of the hill, till he can point out the spot where Anchises is.dehinc'; Gr. § 306. 6801.Inclusas recolens,' was surveying the souls that were shut up apart, and who were soon to return to the light of the world above, observing them with much interest. Virgil here adopts the old philosophical opinion, that the souls of deceased persons, after spending a certain time in the world below, returned to the earth, animated new bodies, and went through a fresh career. Anchises is naturally most occupied with those, who were to appear on earth as his own descendants, and to support the glory of Rome. 'suorum,' of his descendants. 633-4. moresque, manusque,' their characters and exploits: 'tendentem adversum,' coming towards him. 6 9 686-8. 'et-pietas! and the words dropped from his mouth: You have come at last, and your noble filial affection has overcome the difficulties of the journey to your parent! 690-1. Sic dinumerans,' thus, indeed, I considered in my mind, and supposed that it would be so, reckoning up the time of your arrival. 694. How did I fear, lest the Libyan kingdom should do thee some injury. Anchises dreaded the effect of his son's stay at Carthage. 696-7. hæc — tendere,' to visit these abodes. 'Stant - classes,' my ships are in the Tuscan sea, on the west of Italy 700-2. Repeated from Book II. 792-4. 704-6. sonantia,' as they were moved by the wind: Lethæum'; see note to Geor. I. 78. gentes' is the generic, populi' the specific term; the Greeks, for example, are a 'gens,' the Athenians, the members of a particular state, are called 'populus.' 707-11. As on the meadows, when the bees, on a clear summer's day, light on the different flowers, and swarm around the white lilies; the whole field is noisy with their buzzing. 'porrò,' flowing far. 713-8. Animæ debentur,' the souls to whom new bodies are appointed by fate. 715. Drink potions that free them from fear, and bring deep oblivion. 'memorare coràm,' to narrate to you, and show you face to face. Qu- reperta,' that you might the more rejoice with me at having arrived in Italy. 719-20. anne putandum est,' am I to believe, aliquas animas ire Sublimes hinc,' that some souls mount up from this place? 721. What frantic desire of life possesses the wretched ghosts? 723. atque pandit, and explains every thing in due course. 724-7. Anchises begins by instructing his son in the philosophical doctrine of Pythagoras and his followers respecting the 'anima mundi,' or pervading spirit of the universe, whence all things receive their life; see note to Geor. IV. 220; -and the metempsychosis, or transmigration of souls. These speculative dogmas, from their sublime and recondite nature, are particularly suited for the embellishments of poetry, and Virgil has set them forth with diction and imagery, that equal the finest passages of Lucretius. The episode deserves attention and study from the curious exposition of doctrine, that it contains, no less than from its extraordinary poetical merits. In this order; Principio, Spiritus intus alit cœlum ac terras,' &c. alit,' vivifies and supports: campos liquentes,' the liquid fields of ocean, put for water in general. 'Titania astra '; an epithet applied to the stars, which is more commonly given to the sun; Heyne, indeed, thinks that this phrase is intended for the sun, as in Book IV. 119; see note; more probably, for all the heavenly bodies, they borrowing the epithet of the largest. per artus,' through all the parts: agitat molem,' actuates the whole mass. Spiritus' is the vital, Mens' the intelligent principle. Wordsworth supplies a commentary on this whole passage. · "I have felt .... a sense sublime 6 All thinking things, all objects of all thought, 728-9. 'Inde,' oritur' understood; from this spirit proceeds, &c. 'vitæ volantum,' the vital principle of birds: monstra quæ'; that is, fishes: marmoreo sub æquore,' under its marble-like surface. 730-1. These seminal principles have a fiery power - struck out from the pervading anima,' like sparks from a fire, and a celestial source, in so far as the hurtful body does not impede the effect. 733-4.Hinc,' hence,—from this contagion of the body, are generated all baneful passions and desires.' neque cæco,' nor are they sensible of their etherial origin, being shut up in the darkness and gloomy prisonhouse of the body. 735. Even when life has left them in their last hour, though they are then freed from the body, all the stains brought upon the soul by its connexion with matter do not depart along with it; but they must undergo a purgation of many years in Hades, before they are fitted to return to earth. 737-8. penitùs miris,' it is absolutely necessary, that the many pollutions, which have long thickened upon the soul, should adhere to it with wonderful power. 740-2. The purgation takes place by air, water, and fire. This notion is evidently borrowed from the process of initiating persons in the mysteries. Alix - ventos,' some are exposed, being hung up before the bodiless winds. 743. Quisque Manes,' each one of us suffers his own appropriate punishments; Manes,' usually signifying the disembodied spirit,' is here put for the treatment to which that spirit is subjected. 745 Until the long period of years, the appointed amount of time having elapsed, &c. The first and violent purgation was not complete; the process was perfected during a long abode in the Elysian fields. 747. sensum,' for 'animum: atque ignem,' by hypallage; and the spirit instinct with pure fire, uncontaminated; auray'; Gr. § 43. 1. 748-50. ubi annos,' when they have passed through the period of a thousand years. 'Scilicet revisant,' in order that they may revisit the upper convex world, having no recollection of their former life. 753-5. Conventus in medios,' into the midst of the assemblage. 'undelegere,' whence he could observe all the spirits passing before him in a long train. Anchises now points out to his son each spirit, that is about to return to earth, and mentions the name and character, that he will bear. The passage is a mere eulogy on the great men of Rome down to the time of the emperors. It must be taken for granted, that the pupil has some knowledge of the outlines of Roman history. 756-9. In this order; Nunc age, Expediam dictis; DardaniamGloria,' what glory will hereafter attend the Trojan race. 'qui nepotes maneant,' what progeny will spring up: -ituras,' about to assume our name. 6 nostrum 760-3. That youth, whom you see resting upon a pointless spear; a spear without an iron head was the ancient badge of a king.lucis,' the light of life; - who will next return to life. Silvius, the posthumous son of Eneas, succeeded to the throne. Italo-sanguine'; because his mother, Lavinia, was an Italian. 764-6. tibi longævo Educet,' shall bring forth to you advanced in years: regem-parentem,' to be a king himself and the father of kings. Unde,' through whom: Albâ Longâ ; see note to Book 1. 7. 767-9. Procas, Capys, Numitor, and Silvius Eneas, were all kings of Alba, descended in direct line from Æneas, though not in immediate succession. qui reddet,' who shall bear your name. 770. si Albam,' if he should ever obtain his kingdom in Alba. He was kept from the throne by an usurper, till he was fifty-two years old. 772. Those who have their temples shaded with the civic crown of oak leaves, given as a badge of honor to the founders of cities. 773-5. Names of Italian cities founded by these monarchs. 777-9. And Romulus also, the son of Mars, shall join his grandfather on the throne, whom Ilia, of the race of Assaracus (of Trojan descent,) shall bear. See how the double plumes wave on his head, alluding to the glory of Romulus in war; see note to Book I. 274. He reigned jointly with Numitor, before he founded Rome. 780-3. Pater ipse Superùm,' Jupiter himself, the father of the gods: 'signat suo honore'; endows his person with divine dignity. Imperium- Olympo,' shall extend its sway to the bounds of the earth, and raise its spirit as high as heaven. arces,' the seven hills of Rome. 784-5.qualis urbes,' as the Berecynthian mother, crowned with towers, is carried in a chariot through the Phrygian cities. Cybele is intended, to whom the mountain Berecynthus, in Phrygia, was consecrated; see note to Book III. 111. She is represented with a mitre, or head-piece, shaped like the battlements of a tower. As she was the mother of the gods, by a magnificent figure, the pride of Rome in the illustrious men whom she produced, is compared to Cybele's joy in her celestial offspring. 787-90. ' omnes - tenentes,' all possessing ethereal habitations. 'Huc acies,' now turn your eyes hither. Some gross flattery follows towards Augustus Caesar; but how nobly expressed! ' omnis Progenies; the whole Julian family: 'magnum- axem,' about to come forth under the great arch of heaven, soon to appear in the upper world. 792-5. For the golden age," and "Saturn's reign," see note to Ecl. IV. 5-6. condet,' shall establish: 'Garamantas'; see note to Ecl. VIII. 44. 'Proferet imperium,' shall extend his empire: 'tellus,' the land of his triumphs. 796-7. Extra- vias'; "In climes beyond the solar road.". Gray. 'anni vias,' for — annual journey: ubi aptum,' where the heavenbearing Atlas supports on his shoulder the firmament fretted with burning stars; see notes to Book I. 741. and IV. 247. 798-800.Caspia regna'; kingdoms in the interior of Asia, around the Caspian sea: horrent,' are struck with dread at the coming of Caesar, which is announced to them by the oracles. 'Mæotia'; see note to Geor. III. 349. The Nile flows into the sea through seven mouths. turbant,' in the sense of trepidant.' 801-3. The tasks imposed on Hercules made him traverse a great part of the globe; he struck with an arrow the brazen-footed hind, and slew the Erymanthian wild boar and the Lernæan hydra. ' licèt,' although. 'Erymanthi'; see note to Book V. 448. 804-6. Bacchus made a triumphal expedition through India, in a chariot drawn by tigers, and founded the city of Nysa, on a mountain called Meros. Nec Liber,' nor did Bacchus pass over so much ground: 'flectit juga,' for 'currum,' guides his chariot: pampineis habenis,' with reins covered with vine leaves. And do we yet hesitate to enlarge our fame by our exploits? When such a noble offspring is prepared for us, shall we grudge any effort in preparing the way for them? 808-9.ramisferens,' marked out by olive branches, as a friend of peace, and bearing the sacred utensils, as a priest. Numa, the second king of Rome, is meant, who cultivated the arts of peace, and established laws and religion for his people. 'incana menta,' hoary chin, the long white beard which Numa wore. 811-4. Curibus'; Cures, a small town of the Sabines, gave birth to Numa. Cui deinde subibit Tullus,' whom Tullus Hostilius shall succeed, - the third king of Rome: movebit,' shall excite. After the peaceful reign of Numa, Tullus engaged again in war, and imitated the exploits and character of Romulus. 815-8. jactantior Ancus,' the more boastful Ancus Martius, the fourth king. popularibus auris,' in the favor of the people. Vis et videre,' do you wish to see also, &c. 'Tarquinios; there were two kings of this name, the latter of whom was expelled by Brutus, avenging the insult offered to Lucretia. fasces receptos,' the fasces, ensigns of authority, restored to the people, and by them given to the Consuls. 819-22. sævas secures,' the cruel axes, with which Brutus caused his own sons to be beheaded: 'moventes,' exciting the people to restore the Tarquins. Ad pœnam vocabit,' shall devote to death. utcumque -minores,' however posterity shall judge this action. ་ 824-5. Decios, Drusosque'; renowned in Roman history. 'sævum securi,' cruel with the are, as Torquatus also put to death his own son. 'referentem signa,' bringing back the standards. Camillus rescued from the Gauls the standards, which they had taken in the great defeat of the Romans at Allia. 'si 827-31. Concordes nunc,' in harmony with each other now, dum prementur,' while they are here in Hades. Julius Cæsar and Pompey are intended, the former of whom was father-in-law to the latter. -Attigerint,' when they shall attain the light of life. Cæsar, when he made war on Pompey and the Roman state, invaded Italy by way of the Alps. Monaci, a promontory of the maritime Alps. gener Eois, Pompey drawing out the troops of the east in opposition. An affecting apostrophe to the Romans follows, deprecating civil war. 834-6. Tu'; Augustus, whose family, through Eneas, was traced back to the gods. sanguis meus,' my descendants. The verse is incomplete. Ille; L. Mummius, who obtained a triumph by defeating the Greeks near Corinth. In the triumphal procession, the victorious general drove his chariot up to the capitol. 833-40. ille'; L. Æmilius Paulus, who defeated Perseus, king of Macedonia, and completed the conquest of that country. 'Eaciden'; Perseus, who claimed descent from Achilles. See note to Book I. 284. templa temerata'; see note to Book I. 41. 841-4. Quis te tacitum relinquat,' who will pass over thee in silence? Cato the elder is meant, not he of Utica. Cossus was a military tribune, who slew with his own hands the king of the Vejentes. aut - Liby, or the two Scipios, two thunderbolts of war, the scourge of Africa. Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal at Zama, and his grandson, called |