ironically and with bitterness; 'since they have shown no gratitude for the benefits which I have showered upon them, shall I therefore go on board their ships and suffer their insults'?

540-2. Quis-sinet,' but, suppose that I am willing, who will permit me to adopt this course? Invisam,' 'me' understood: 'perdita,' lost one, addressing herself. necdum — gentis,' are you not yet aware of the perjuries, the ill-faith, of the people descended from Laomedon?

545-7. Inferar,' shall I go? 'et-pelago,' and those whom I could hardly tear away from the Sidonian city, shall I again force them to sea? Her people had once already left their homes for her sake. 'Quines,' rather die, as you have deserved.

548-9. In the extremity of her grief, she becomes unjust towards her sister, whom she accuses of having persuaded her into love for Eneas; see lines 31-54. In this order; Tu prima, germana, evicta meis lacrymis, oneras me furentem His malis, atque objicis hosti.'

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550-4. Was it not possible for me, without crime, to pass my life'thalami expertem,' unwedded,—in the manner of a wild beast, (that is, living in solitude,) and to have no experience of such troubles? My word, pledged to the ashes of Sychæus, is broken! 'rumpebat,' gave utterance to. 'certus eundi,' determined to depart.

556-60. To him, the form of the god coming again with the same aspect. Omnia - similis, like Mercury in all respects. coloremqu' Et'; Gr. § 307. 3. hoc sub casu,' at this crisis.

563-4. Illa-mori,' she, Dido, resolved to die, cherishes in her bosom secret designs, and great injury to you.

565-7. Will you not quickly depart hence, while you have the power to hasten. Jam videbis,' you will very soon see: 'trabibus,' with the ships of the Carthaginians. And you will see the torches, that are prepared for burning your fleet.

568-70. If the dawn should overtake you, tarrying in this country. 'Varium et mutabile,' 'est' understood; Gr. § 205. Rem. 7. (2.) A very ungallant remark, and the women-haters of all time have taken advantage of it. 'nocti―atræ, vanished into the dark night.

571-3. subitis umbris,' by the unexpected vision: fatigat,' rouses. Wake quickly, men, and seat yourselves on the cross-benches; take your stations for rowing,

575-7. funes,' the ropes that fastened the ships to the shore. 'sancte deorum,' by a Greek idiom, dia beúwv; for sancte Deus.' 'imperio ovantes, and again joyfully obey your commands; the first act of obedience was in getting ready for sea.

578-9. et feras,' and bring propitious constellations into the heavens; agreeably to the common notion, that the weather was gov erned by the stars.

581. rapiuntque, ruuntque,' they snatch their oars, and hurry to their seats; the brief expressions correspond to the hurried movements. 583. Repeated from Book 1II. 208.

585. Repeated from Geor. I. 447; see note.

æquatis

586-7.e speculis'; from the upper part of the house. velis'; as we say, with squared yards, the wind being directly astern. 590-4. She tore her flaxen hair: O Jupiter! she said, this foreigner will escape, and will deride our authority. Non expedient,' will they not bring arms? Deripient navalibus,' will not others take quickly the ships from the arsenals, and pursue them? These hurried expressions finely mark the impatience and agitation of the speaker.

596-8. Unhappy Dido! your wicked actions now affect you? You ought then to have given these orders to make war on the Trojans, when you gave him the sceptre, when you shared your authority with him. Behold the good faith and regard for his engagements of him, who, they say, carried off his paternal gods with him, so great was his piety! 'dextra'; the right hand was given in sealing an engagement.

600 2. Non

spargere,' have I not been able to seize and tear in pieces his body, and throw it into the sea? 'absumere ferro,' to destroy with the sword. patriis mensis,' and to serve him up as a feast at his father's table; an allusion to the fable of Tereus and of Pelops; see notes to Ecl. VI. 78. and Geor. III. 7.

603-4. Verùm moritura,' but the issue of the contest with him would be doubtful,-I might have been defeated; it might be so; but whom had I to fear, being already about to die?

606. Extinxêm,' by syncope for extinxissem': 'memet-dedissem,' I would have thrown myself into the flames after them. Dido, having now recovered a little from the storm of passion, proceeds to imprecate curses on her false lover and his people, with a fervor and religious formality that chill the blood.

608. Juno Pronuba' is intended, who had been a sympathizing witness harum curarum' of Dido's unhappy passion.

609. And Hecate, whose name is howled out by night, at the corners of the streets. The rites of this goddess were thus celebrated. 610-1. Diræ,' the Furies: Di-Elissa'; the gods who watch over the interests, and will avenge the death of Dido. Accipite,' ' auribus' understood; listen to: meritum numen,' and turn your power against the wicked, who have deserved it.

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613-4. caput'; i. e. ' Æneæ': 'hic - hæret,' this termination of his wanderings is irrevocably appointed.

615-9. At least, harassed in war and by the arms of a brave people: 'Auxilium imploret,' let him entreat for aid. 'sub iniquæ,' under the conditions of a hard, disadvantageous, peace: 'luce,' life.

620-1. Sed diem,' let him fall before his time, let him die prematurely. cum sanguine'; as my dying words; but very forcibly expressed, as if she consecrated her imprecations with her blood. Many of the misfortunes, which subsequently befel the Trojans in Italy, are darkly indicated in what precedes. Dido now goes on to pray, that eternal hatred may exist between the descendants of the two races, thus shadowing forth the protracted and obstinate contest between the Romans and the Carthaginians.

623. Pursue with hate; do this as an acceptable offering to my ashes. 625. Exoriare aliquis ultor,' may some avenger arise; Hannibal is intended, the most formidable enemy whom the Romans ever met.

627. Now, hereafter, and at whatever time strength shall be given. 629-31. ipsique nepotesque,' both the Trojans themselves and their descendants. nepotesqu' Hæc'; Gr. § 307. 3. Thus she spoke, and turned her mind in every direction, thought over every expedient, seeking to end her hated life as soon as possible.

633-6.suam,' nutricem' understood; she addresses the nurse of Sychæus, since she had buried her own nurse, before quitting Tyre. 'huc siste,' bring hither. Tell her, to hasten to sprinkle her body with river water. 'secum ducat,' and bring with her the expiatory sacri fices prescribed by the sorceress.

637. And do you yourself piously surround your temples with a fillet. 639-40. animus est,' it is my intention. And to give to the flames the funeral pile of the Trojan; that is, the pile with the arms and waxen image of Æneas upon it.

642-5. cœptis effera,' wild with her frightful purpose: Sanguineam aciem,' her eyes blood-shot with weeping: maculis - genas,' her quivering cheeks marked with spots. This graphic description of Dido's appearance is deeply affecting. Interiora limina'; the doors of the inner court - see line 504 where the pile was constructed. 646-9.recludit,' unsheathed: 'non usus,' a gift not prepared for such a use. Her mind, exhausted with rage, is now wholly subdued to tenderness, and her feelings find vent in tears. The change is wholly true to nature, and is described with a masterly hand. The

dying speech, which follows, is wrought out with equal power. ' vestes - cubile'; see line 496. 'paulùm morata,' having tarried a while to weep, and think on what had passed.

651. Dear relics, while the fates and gods permitted me to cherish you. 653-4. The meaning is, I have lived not ingloriously; I have finished my career, and now great fame will attend me after death.

656-8. Ulta virum,' I have avenged my husband Sychæus: recepi pœnas,' I have inflicted punishment on Pygmalion. si carinæ,' if only the Trojan keels had never touched our strand.

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660-2.Sic - umbras,' thus, thus it is pleasant to die; with the repetition of this word, she is supposed twice to stab herself. Let the cruel Trojan on the ocean fixedly gaze at these flames, and carry with him the ill-omen of my death.

663-4.media-talia,' 'verba' understood; while speaking thus: 'ferro Collapsam,' transfixed with the sword and fallen.

666. The report is carried tumultuously through the frightened city. 669-71. Non-Tyros'; with such a tumult, as if all Carthage, or ancient Tyre was falling in ruins, the enemy being within the walls. 'Culmina deorum'; that is, the roofs of the temples.

672-3. Her sister heard it, breathless with horror, as she ran with trembling steps, tearing her face with her nails, and beating her bosom. 675-7. Was this your purpose, sister? Did you use deception with me? parabant hoc mihi,' prepare this anguish for me. Quidquerar,' deserted by you, what shall I complain of first?

678-81. Eadem tulisset,' you should have called me to the same fate; the same stroke of the sword, and the same hour should have ended us both; dolor,' for vulnus.' 'struxi,' 'rogum' understood: 'sicabessem,' that I should thus be separated from you in death, O cruel one?' positâ,' laid out in death.

་

683-5. vulnera lymphis,' by hypallage, for vulneribus lymphas.' 'extremus - legam,' if any breath of life remains, I will receive it in my mouth. gradus — altos,' she mounted the lofty steps of the pile. 688-9. She, attempting to raise her heavy eyes, swooned again. The wound deep in her breast hissed with the gushing blood.

691. Ter-est,' thrice she fell back on the couch.

692. Inimitable force and pathos! The superior terseness of the Latin language appears here, for no English expressions can equal the original. Her eyes, already swimming in death, were turned to the heavens, as if in search of the light; and she groaned at seeing it, — at finding herself still alive.

694-5. 'Irim-Olympo,' sent down Iris from Olympus. Iris, the female messenger of the gods, the deity of the rainbow, here supports the office, which is usually assigned to Mercury, that of releasing the soul at death. 'nexos, intertwined — wrestling — with life.

696-9. For, since she did not perish by fate - by an appointed and natural end, - nor by a merited death: ante diem,' but before her time: 'Nondum - Orco,' Proserpina had not yet taken away the flaxen hair from her head, nor condemned, dismissed, her spirit to the Stygian shades. A hair being cut from the head of a dying person, he was thereby given over to the infernal gods, and released from life. The office is here assigned to Pluto's queen, though not usually held by her.

700-1. Then the dewy Iris, with her gold-colored pinions, drawing through the heavens a thousand different hues opposite to the sun; the language, of course, applies to the rainbow, which Iris represents.

702-5. Hunc fero,' I, as ordered, bear this consecrated hair to Pluto. Omnis - calor,' all the vital warmth at once passed away: 'atque recessit,' in allusion to the common belief, that the vital principle, after the death of the body, mingled with the elements. See notes to Geor. IV. 219, and 225.

Whatever was characteristic and peculiar in Virgil's genius is most clearly manifested in this book, and it is the principal support of his claim to be considered among the first of original and inventive poets. It has not so much bustle and magnificence as the second book, but it takes a deeper hold on the feelings, and leaves a more lasting and agreeable impression. Its interest, indeed, is rather tragic than epic, and it is natural to compare it, not so much with the Iliad and the Odyssey, as with the Medea, the Antigone, and the other master-pieces of Greek tragedy. It shows equal simplicity, fervor, and pathetic effect with these admirable works, and more grace, elegance, and copiousness. The illusion is never disturbed by forced transitions, or improbable incidents; the language never degenerates into rant or extravagance; the tenderness of the poet never becomes mawkish, or effeminate. Dido is the proper heroine of the book, the figure of Æneas being kept back or sacrificed to make room for her; his part appearing insignificant, where his conduct is not fairly open to reprobation or contempt. Hence, if the poem be viewed as a whole, this book must be regarded as an episode, and as one that rather injures the connexion and unity of effect in the entire performance. But this is a slight drawback in a work of such length and variety of interest, and does not lessen the merit of the poet in the touching portraiture of the Tyrian queen, who, if placed by the side of those female personages of Shakspeare, whom Mrs. Jameson calls "characters of the affections," will lose nothing by the comparison. Love is not merely her predominant trait, but occupies her whole being, and when it comes to an unhappy issue, the reader is prepared for, and expects her melancholy death.

THE ENEID.

BOOK V.

ENEAS, having left Carthage, and directing his course towards Italy, is compelled by a tempest to land in Sicily, where he is kindly received by king Acestes. A year having elapsed since he buried his father in that place, he now celebrates the anniversary of his death by instituting games at the tomb. A naval contest opens the sports, and the ship of Cloanthus comes out first in the race. A foot-race succeeds, in which Euryalus is successful, through the efforts and self-devotion of his friend Nisus. Then comes a pugilistic contest, in which the aged Entellus vanquishes the young and boasting Dares. Eurytion shows the greatest skill in archery, but the first prize is awarded to Acestes, whose arrow, when shot into the air, had taken fire. Ascanius, with a band of noble youths, exhibits equestrian sports and a mock engagement. Meanwhile, the Trojan women, instigated by Iris, and weary of the protracted voyage, throw fire into the fleet and burn four of the ships; the others are saved by a sudden rain, sent by Jupiter. On the following night, Anchises appears to Eneas in a dream, and advises him to follow the advice of Nautes, and leave the women and old men in Sicily, pursuing his course to Italy with those who were in the flower of their age and strength. On his arrival there, he is further ordered to visit the cave of the Sibyl, and to follow her guidance to the realms of death and the Elysian fields, where he would learn the issue of the impending wars, and the fortunes of his posterity. Æneas follows this advice, and founds a city in Sicily, which he calls Acesta. He then sails for Italy, and has a prosperous voyage, Neptune, at the entreaty

of Venus, having rendered the sea calm. But the pilot Palinurus, being lulled asleep by the pleasant weather, tumbles overboard and carries a part of the helm along with him. Æneas supplies his place.

1-2. Certus,' resolved to go: 'jam tenebat medium iter,' was already well advanced on his way; but not half way to Italy, for then he could not have seen the reflection of the fire, that was consuming the body of Dido; 'inedium' may mean deep water, as in Book III. 665. 4-7. Collucent,' were lighted up with. Quæ latet,' what cause had kindled so great a flame is unknown to them. 'Polluto,' being dishonored, or broken off and it being known what a frantic woman might these things bring sad forebodings into the hearts of the Trojans. 8-11. Repeated, with slight alterations, from Book III. 192-5. 13. 'quianam,' for 'cur': 'æthera,' the heavens.

do,

15-8.Colligere arma,' to take in sail; not all the sail, but in part. 'Obliquat ventum,' he turns the bellying sail obliquely to the wind; as we say, he steered more closely to the wind. 'non-cœlo,' if Jupiter himself advising it, should become surety for success, I could not expect to reach Italy with this weather.

19-22. Mutati — fremunt,' the winds shifting blow crosswise our course ab vespere,' from the west: atro,' dark with clouds. 'inar'; agreeably to the belief of the ancients, that clouds and rain were formed by the condensation of the air. 'Nec- Sufficimus,' nor are we

able to work against it, nor to contend so powerfully as the wind. 23-6. Nec longè,' are not far off: Erycis'; see note to Book I. 570. 'fraterna '; because Eryx also was a son of Venus, and therefore ' Fida,' safe, that may be trusted. 'remetior,' I recall to mind: 'servata astra,' the stars previously observed; that is, seen before the clouds came up, or on a former voyage. 'sic-ventos,' the winds required that it should be so.

28-30. Flecte-velis,' change the course with your sails; that is, shift the sails, so as to run down before the wind to Sicily. ulla,' 'tellus' understood. Or whither I should prefer to bring the weary ships. 'Acesten'; note to Book I. 195. In his country, Anchises was buried. 32-4.secundi Zephyri'; the west wind was now favorable, as they were running eastward, towards Sicily: 'fertur - classis,' the fleet is carried swiftly over the sea: notæ '; because they had been there before. 36-7. Adventum — rates,' the arrival of the friendly ships; Gr. § 323. 2. (3.) occurrit,' comes to meet them. 'In jaculis,' by a Greek idiom; carrying javelins : 'et — ursæ,' clothed in the skin of a Libyan bear. He had been out hunting on the mountains, and was in the rough costume fit for the sport.

38-41. Trofa-genuit,' whom a Trojan mother bore, the river Crimisus being his sire. This river is in the west of Sicily, the god of which, by a Trojan woman, became the father of Acestes.et Excipit,' and joyfully receives them with his rustic stores.

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42. primo-fugarat,' at early dawn had put the stars to flight. 44. tumuli-fatur,' addresses them from the top of a mound. 47-50. Ex quo,' 'tempore' understood; since. 'dies'; the anniversary of his death: 'quem habebo,' which I shall always consider as a mournful, but a holy day, since the gods have willed it so.

51-4. Should I pass this day as an exile on the African Syrtes, (see note to Book IV. 41.) or be overtaken by it in the Grecian sea, or even in the city of Mycenae, that is, in the midst of my enemies, I would still pay my annual vows, and lead the solemn rites in due form, and load the altars with suitable gifts; suis'; Gr. § 208. 8.

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56. As I believe, indeed, not without the intention and agency of the gods; that is, the gods designed that it should be so.

59-60. In this order; Poscamus ab illo ventos; atque velit me, Urbe positâ, quotannis ferre hæc sacra templis dicatis sibi'; let us pray