you even prepare your fleet in the winter season, a time unfit for navigation? 'sidere; see note to Geor. I. 1.

311-2. 'si maneret, even if you were not going to a foreign land and a strange abode, though old Troy still remained, you should not attempt to return at this season of the year.

314-6.te depending on Oro, five lines below. Quando-reliqui,' since I have now left nothing else to my wretched self; ipsa,' emphatically, by my own act. The meaning is, if I had any thing remaining to bestow upon you, you might perhaps remain; but I have already granted you all. 'inceptos hymenæos'; recent, and therefore the more pleasing.

317-9. Silabentis,' if I have merited any good from you, if any thing of mine has been pleasant to you, take pity on my falling house, or family; when the husband, or head of the family, is taken away, it goes to ruin. et exue istam mentem,' and give up this purpose of yours. 320-3. Te propter,' on your account: · Odere,' me' understood: 'infensi,' 'sunt understood: 'te - eundem,' on your account also: prior,' and my former good name, through which alone I reached the stars, - I stood high in the opinions of men.

'et

324. Since this name only that of hospes,' guest—remains in place of husband; hitherto, I considered myself your wife.

aut

325-6. Quid moror,' why do I delay, why not die at once? Iarbas,' or till the African Iarbas leads me away captive. Gætulus' may be taken as the appellation of a particular tribe, Gætulian, or as applicable to all the inhabitants of Africa.

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327-30. Saltem - soboles,' at least, if before your departure any offspring were born to me from you: qui viderer,' who should resemble you, though in face only, I should not, indeed, seem altogether a captive and forsaken. She fancies herself already in the power of Iarbas. This affecting appeal from Dido, and the justice of the grounds on which it rests, enlist all the reader's sympathies in her favor, and against Eneas, who makes a cold and forinal defence of his conduct. He would appear, indeed, utterly odious throughout this transaction, if the poet had not judiciously put forward his veneration for the gods and the commands of fate, and thus represented him as sacrificing his own feelings to a high sense of duty. We must not judge the heroes of an. tiquity by the sentiments or the morals of the present day.

332-5. Lumina,' for oculos ':'et- premebat,' and, by an effort, kept down the grief in his heart. 'Ego Elisse,' I will never deny, O queen, that you have deserved much at my hands, even all that you can reckon up in speech; nor will the recollection of Elissa ever be irksome to

me.

This mention of Dido by her other name is happy, as it shows the familiarity which had existed between them.

337-9. Pro re,' to the point, or in answer to the substance, not the rhetoric, of your complaint. ne finge,' do not suppose it: nec — veni,' I have never held out the nuptial torch as your spouse, nor have I entered into this agreement, or promise of marriage.

340-1. meis Auspiciis,' under my own direction: ‘et —- curas,' and to regulate affairs by my own free will.

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343. colerem,' I would do honor to: Reliquias,' the ashes, the tombs: his first object would be to pay a visit of respect to his birthplace, and to rebuild the city. 6 manerent,' should remain, should be reestablished.

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344. And my hands should rebuild Troy, rising again from its ashes for the conquered race. Even if the Fates did not call me to Italy, I should feel that it was my duty rather to return to Troy, than to abide with you. 345-6. Gryneus'; see note to Ecl. VI. 72. Lycia sortes,' the Lycian oracles, delivered by Apollo at Patara, a city of Lycia. Eneas really received them at Delos, so the epithet is used generally for any oracles from this divinity,

347-50. Hic est,' this is the place of my affections, this my coun

try. 'Si― Phœnissam,' if the towers of Carthage detain you, who are a Phænician by birth: Quæ tandem Invidia est,' pray, what cause of reproach is there?

351-4. In this order; 'turbida imago patris Anchise terret et Admonet Me in somnis, quoties,' &c. turbida,' angry. 'Ascanius,'' admonet me' understood: capitis-cari,' and the wrong to him, whose head is so dear to me.

356-7. 'interpres divûm'; Mercury: utrumque caput,' the head of both of us.

360-1. Cease to exasperate both me and yourself by your complaints: I do not go to Italy of my own accord.

362-4.aversa tuetur,' regards him with an angry side look: totum -tacitis,' and surveys him from head to foot with a silent glance.

365-7. parens,' 'erat understood; neither was a goddess your mother: Hyrcana tigres,' and Hyrcanian tigers suckled thee, gave thee their dugs; adınôrunt,' for 'admoverunt.' Hyrcania was a district of Parthia, much infested by wild animals. 'Caucasus,' a high and rocky mountain, near the Caspian sea.

368. Why should I not give vent to my feelings? Can aught that I may say, provoke this man to use more bitter and insulting language, than he has already applied to me?' The change from the second to the third person, which follows, is perfectly natural, and in keeping with the passion that now rages in Dido's bosom.

370-1. 'victus,' overcome by the sight of my wretchedness. Quæ -anteferam,' what shall I say first, to what feelings shall I give the preference over others?

373. Nusquam fides'; as we should say, there is no gratitude left upon earth; fides' means a punctilious regard to one's engagements, here, engagements towards our benefactors. Ejectum egentem,' shipwrecked and in want.

376-8. He alleges one empty pretence after another; now, it is the oracle of Apollo; now, a messenger from heaven, &c.

379-80. This, forsooth, is a task for the immortals; this anxiety disturbs their repose; spoken in bitter irony. I detain you not, nor do 1 refute your words; they are not worth contradiction."

382-4. hausurum Supplicia mediis scopulis,' that you will suffer punishment, being cast upon the rocks: quid possunt,' have any power. Sequar absens,' I, though absent in the body, will still pursue you with terrible flames, like an avenging Fury with her torch.

385-6. animâ — adero,' has separated the spirit from your body, 1 will be present in every place, as an attendant spectre.

388-90. 'auras' for lucem': Agra,' sick, overcome with passion: 'multa cunctantem,'' Ænean' understood; keeping back many things through fear.

391. Suscipiunt,' take her up; she had fainted. 'collapsa membra,' her powerless limbs. This speech of Dido, suddenly broken off as she hurries away and falls in a swoon, has the highest tragic effect. 393-6. Æneas' is the subject of exsequitur': 'Solando,' by offering consolation: 'magno. amore,' and shaken in mind by great love. 397-400. incumbunt,' apply themselves to the work: littore Deducunt,' push off from the shore. 'et-studio,' and unhewn timber from the woods, in their eagerness for departure. They could not stay to complete their preparations for sea.

402-7. The comparison, which follows, presents a lively and accurate picture, drawn from close observation of nature. 'Ac-populant,' as when ants are pillaging a great heap of corn: tecto,' in the ant-hill: Itagmen,' the black troop passes over the fields: pars - moras,' a part push along the large grains, by resting their shoulders against the burden; trudunt'; Gr. § 209. Rem. 11. A part keep the ranks together, and punish the indolent. fervet opere,' for operatoribus'; swarms with the laborers.

408. What are your feelings now, Dido, on seeing such things? 410-2. totum æquor Misceri tantis clamoribus,' the whole plain in a tumult with the loud cries of the workmen and sailors. 'quid — cogis,' see note to Book III. 56.

414-6. et relinquat,' and, as a suppliant, to make her high spirit bow to love; that she may not leave any course untried, and thus die needlessly, without cause. 'properari'; Gr. § 269, second paragraph. 417-8. vocat auras,' courts the breeze. Placing garlands on the stern was the sailors' usual inethod of expressing joy.

419-22. Hunc potero,' if I had been able to expect, to foresee, this so great affliction, sister, I should be able to bear it; potui' for 'potuissem,' and 'potero' for 'possem.' 'tamen,' yet that I may be able to bear it - -Miseræ mihi,' perform this one service for your wretched sister. 'solam Te colere,' respected, had confidence in, you only arcanos-sensus,' trusted even his secret feelings to you.

423-6.molles - tempora'; see note to line 293-4. hostem'; he who is no longer a lover, but my worst foe. Non ego juravi Aulide cum Danais; the Greeks at Aulis took an oath not to return, before they had avenged the wrong done to Menelaus.

427-9. revelli,' violated, by tearing them from the tomb; by which sacrilege, Manes,' the departed spirit also was injured. demittere in aures, to listen to. hoc Extremum munus,' this last boon.

430-3. Let him wait for a fit season for departure, and for favorable winds. conjugium-prodidit,' the former promise of marriage, which he has broken: ut careat,' that he should give up. requiem furori,' and time for my passion to subside. This shows great knowledge of the human heart, a calm sorrow usually succeeding the violent effects of sudden grief.

435-6. veniam,' favor: Quam remittam,' when you have granted it to me, I will requite it amply, even in death; cumulatam remittam,' in the sense of 'cumulate referam.' This is Heyne's interpretation, and, though very forced, is the best that can be had.

437-8. tales-soror,' and such tearful entreaties her grieving sister conveys again and again to Eneas.

440. placidas aures,' the kind disposition, — willingness to listen. 441-4. As when the north winds from the Alps strive together, with gusts sweeping now on this side, now on that, to uproot the aged trunk of a stout oak; the wind roars loudly, and from the much shaken trunk the leaves thickly strew the ground.

445-9. Ipsa,' i. e., 'quercus': 'et-tendit,' repeated from Geor. II. 291-2. Tunditur,' is agitated: assiduis vocibus,' with continual messages of different import, assailing him in various ways. 'lacrymæ,' the tears of Dido and Anna: inanes,' without effect.

450-2. fatis'; that is, by her misfortunes, which were now certain as fate. tædet tueri,' she is tired of beholding the vault of heaven. 'Quò peragat,' that she may be more inclined to fulfil her purpose: lucem, life. She is now represented as seeing a variety of omens, all of which seem to urge her on to self-destruction. The conception is striking and true, for, to the diseased mind of a person bent on suicide, all objects and events are invested with meaning, and seem to counsel the act.

455-6. And the wine, when poured out, was changed into ill-omened blood. She told this prodigy to no one, not even to her sister. This secrecy marks the resolution and calmness of despair.

458-61. Conjugis antiqui,' of her former husband, Sychæus. Surrounded with white fillets and memorial garlands. Woollen fillets and other emblems were often sculptured on the tombs. viri vocantis,' of her husband calling her: Visa exaudiri,' she thought that she heard. The omens all came from a perturbed imagination.

462-3. culminibus,' on the housetops. The owl is to every nation a herald of ill. 'et-voces,' and drew out its long, wailing notes.

465-8. In no work can be found a more striking passage, than this sublime and accurate description of a fearful dream. In the stilted phrase now in vogue, "the psychological truth" of the picture is its The thick-coming fancies have the proper most conspicuous trait. connexion, which every one's experience attests, with real events and with the leading thought in the mind of the sufferer. In our uneasy slumbers, we often fancy ourselves travelling on some interminable path, wandering through deserted buildings and vast palaces, and constantly in fear of falling from a precipice, or being overtaken by a pursuer. 'ferus Æneas ipse Agit furentem,' fierce Eneas himself drives her about distracted. Ire viam;' Gr. § 232.

469. Like the mad Pentheus, when he sees the troop of the Furies. Pentheus, king of Thebes, having quarrelled with Bacchus, was rendered insane by that god, and, going out to interrupt the nocturnal orgies of the Bacchantes, was torn in pieces by them.

470. Borrowed from a tragedy of Euripides, in which the insane Pentheus complains of seeing two suns and two Thebes.

471-3. For the story of Orestes, see note to Book III. 331. scenis,' on the stage, where the flight of Orestes, pursued by the Furies with their torches and snakes in their hair, was frequently represented. While the spectre of his mother pursued him within doors, the Furies guarded the threshold, and would not suffer him to escape.

474-6. concepit - dolore,' overcome with grief, she became insane. tempus Exigit,' The series of frightful omens had driven her mad. by herself, in secret, she determines on the time and manner of the act. 477.ac- serenat,' and smooths her brow with a semblance of hope. 478-9. I have found a way, sister, (congratulate me for it,) which will either restore him to me, or will free me from loving him. She informs Anna, that she is about to use magic for this purpose, having found a sorceress who will assist her. Her object in this story is to have a funeral pile erected in the building, without causing the others to suspect her purpose of suicide.

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480-2. The ancients supposed Mount Atlas and the ocean on the west of Africa to be the boundaries of the world. This remote and imperfectly known region was made the scene of the wildest fables. 'Ultimus est,' there is a remote district of the Ethiopians, a general 'Axem- aptum,' supports on his name for the sun-burnt Africans. shoulders the heavens studded with burning stars. 483-4. Massylæ'; see note to line 132. 'monstrata,' est' unThe Hesperides' were three derstood; has been made known to me. maidens, the daughters of Atlas, or of Hesperus, his brother, whose duty it was to watch the garden, that contained the golden apples, in which office they were assisted by a sleepless dragon; see also note to Ecl. VI. 61. This priestess, or sorceress, was an attendant in the temple of the Hesperides, and fed the dragon.

་

485-9. ramos,' the branches which bore the golden fruit. Sparse solvere,' that she gens,' serving up as food: humida,' liquid. will free from anxiety and passion: 'carminibus,' by her incantations: 'aliis immittere,' infuse into other minds: 'et-retro,' and turn the stars backward in their course.

'tecto

493-4. magicas artes,' that I unwillingly prepare these magic 322.6. rites. The practice of sorcery was considered criminal by the Romans. 'invitam,' 'me' understood; accingier,' for 'accingi; Gr. auras,' in the open air of the inner court; note to Book 11.512. 495-7. et superimponas arma viri,' and place upon it the arms of Eneas: omnes exuvias,' and all the relics, every thing which he has An affecting left behind lectum jugalem,' and the nuptial couch. passage; Dido resolves to perish surrounded by memorials of the man she loved.

:

499-501. Pallor - ora,' a deadly paleness overspreads her face. The

JJ J

workings of suppressed passion nearly overpower her. novis - Germanam,' that her sister concealed a suicidal purpose under these novel rites: mente'; the mind of Dido, not of Anna.

502. aut-Sychæi,' nor does she fear worse consequences than ensued from the death of Sychæus. Dido had survived the death of her former husband, though it should have caused more affliction than the loss of Æneas.

505-6. tædissectâ,' of torch-wood and split oak: Intenditsertis,' and surrounds the spot with garlands.

508. Effigiem,' the image of Æneas, prepared of wax or clay. 'haud -futuri,' mindful of what was to come; that is, of her own death.

510-2.tonat ore,' loudly invokes: Tergeminam - Dianæ,' the triple Hecate, and the three heads of the virgin Diana. In the confused mythology of the ancients, the same goddess, Hecate, presiding over magic and enchantments, was considered under three forms; in heaven being called Luna,' on the earth Diana,' and in the infernal regions 'Proserpina.' In each of these shapes she had a hundred distinct 'numina,' making the 'Ter centum deos,' the separate names of which the priestess recites. latices simulatos'; not water really brought from Avernus, but counterfeiting its appearance and name.

513-4. Falcibus - herbæ,' downy herbs are sought out, cut by moonlight with brazen pruning-knives.

515-6. And the love-inciting hippomanes is sought out, torn from the forehead of a newly foaled colt, and snatched away from the dam; a viscous substance, supposed by the ancients to be a piece of flesh, found on the forehead of the young colt, which the mare seeks to bite off, and, if prevented, will not allow the colt to suck. It was much used in love potions. The name was also given to a slimy juice; see note to Geor III. 280.

517-9. Ipsa piis,' Dido herself, with the mola and with pious, pure, hands; mola; see note to Ecl. VIII. 82. Unum—recinctâ," one foot stripped of its covering, and with ungirdled vest. In ancient paintings, we often find a priestess represented, with one foot bare, and with loose flowing garments. conscia fati,' acquainted with her doom; the prescient stars knew what was to happen.

520-1. In this order; 'tum, si quod numen, justumque memorque, habet Curæ amantes non æquo fædere, precatur id'; also, if any deity, equitable and observant, holds the charge of lovers bound by an unequal tie, one of whom is faithless, she invokes his aid.

522-4.carpebant,' were enjoying: silvœ- Æquora,' the woods and the angry waters were at rest: medio lapsu,' in the midst of their course, in mid-heaven. This matchless description of the stillness and beauty of a calm night comes fitly to soothe the feelings agitated by the terrible scene that precedes, in which the wretched queen is busied with her fearful rites. Shakspeare understood the management of contrasts equally well, when the night of Duncan's murder, with all its attendant horrors, is introduced by the short dialogue between the king and Banquo at the castle gate, in which they remark on the beauty of the situation, and the pleasantness of the air.

526-8. Quæque tenent,' both those which inhabit the glassy lakes, a wide domain, and those that frequent the fields thickset with bushes. Soothed their anxieties, and their hearts now forgetful of suffering. 529-30 Phoenissa'; Dido. 'noctem,' the repose obtained at night. 532-5. magno - estu,' she is agitated by a great conflict of passion. 'insistit,' she begins to reflect. 'rursusne - Experiar,' shall I try my former suitors, and be derided by them? See lines 36 - 7.

537-9. atque Jussa,' and submit to the lowest, the most degrading, commands of the Trojans: quiane - facti,' either because it will be of service to me, that they were once relieved by my aid, or because gratitude for this former deed remains in their good memories? Spoken