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418-20. Corripuêre viam,' went quickly on their way: plurimus,' huge in size: adversas arces,' overlooks the opposite towers. 412-2. molem,' great edifices: magalia quondam,' formerly mere huts: strata viarum, for stratas vias'; the streets laid out, or paved. 423-5. Instant,' hurry on the work: pars ducere'; Gr. § 209. Rem. 5; a part extend, or carry on, the walls: Moliri,' construct: subvolvere,' roll up optare,' select: et sulco,' and mark it out with a furrow. 426. 'Jura,' for 'judices.' The genuineness of this line is doubted. 429. scenis-futuris,' the lofty ornaments for the future dramatic shows. This graphic description of colonists busily engaged in founding a new city is concluded, by comparing their labors to the indefatigable and well-arranged toil of bees.

430-1. Qualis labor,' such industry as the bees practise in the sunshine, in early summer, through the flowery fields. The remainder of the comparison is repeated with slight alterations from Geor. IV. 162–70; see notes to that passage.

437-8. A feeling exclamation of Eneas, who sees others far advanced in a work like the one, which he also is destined to accomplish, but is not yet permitted to commence. 'fastigia urbis,' the highest points of the city.

442-5. Quo loco primùm Pœni, jactati undis et turbine, Effodêre signum,' in which place first, the Carthaginians, after being tossed about by the waves and storms, dug up a token of their future power; namely, the head of a horse. The historian, Justin, mentions this fact, and the importance which the people attached to the omen. 'sic- - gentem,' for thus she signified, that the race would be for centuries powerful in war and abounding in sustenance, easy to live, through the fruitful. ness of their territory; victu,' the supine from 'vivo.'

446-7. Sidon was a city of Phoenicia, whence the queen is called Sidonian Dido. 'numine divæ,' a statue of the goddess.

448-9. The brazen door-sills of which were raised upon (rested upon) steps, and the posts fastened into them were of brass; the doors creaked on brazen hinges. The magnificence of the heroic age, in architecture, consisted in the abundance of metal used.

452. 'et- rebus,' to hope for a better issue for his unlucky affairs. 454-6. dum - Miratur,' while he wonders at the good fortune, which the city enjoyed, compares the labors of the artificers with each other, and admires their elaborate works, he perceives several paintings on the wall, representing incidents from the war of Troy. This assures him, that he is in a land, where the history and misfortunes of his natal city are known, and therefore he hopes for a kind reception.

458.Atridas,' the sons of Atreus, Menelaus and Agamemnon: sævum ambobus,' angry with both; with the Greeks, because they had taken away from him a beautiful captive; and with the Trojans, on account of the death of his friend Patroclus.

460-1. laboris,' calamities: 'Sunt-laudi,' even here, noble deeds have their appropriate reward; 'laudi,' praise, instead of praiseworthy deeds; 'sua'; Gr. § 208. (8.)

462-3. There are tears for misfortune, and the accidents to which mortals are liable affect the mind with pity. It is impossible to render into English the wonderful brevity and force of the Latin language in making general remarks. The spirit and conciseness of the original disappear in the paraphrase. rerum,' adversarum understood. 'feret -salutem,' this fame of our exploits and sufferings will bring you some deliverance.

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464. pascit animum,' feeds his mind, gratifies himself: 'inani'; because it presented only the shows of things, not the realities. The subjects of the paintings, seven in number, are now described: 1. a general engagement; 2. the night attack, in which Rhesus was slain; 3. Troilus flying; 4. The Trojan matrons going in procession to the temple of

Pallas; 5. Priam supplicating for the dead body of Hector; 6. the fight of Memnon; 7. the combat of the Amazons.

466-8. Pergamum was the name of the citadel of Troy. Hâc Graii,' here, the Greeks were flying: Hâc Phryges,' there, the Trojans. 469. Rhesus, a king of Thrace, came to the assistance of the Trojans, bringing the celebrated horses, which were fated to render the city impregnable, when they had once drank of the Xanthus. He encamped on the plain outside of the city, where he was surprised and slain by Diomed and Ulysses in a night attack, and the horses were carried off. 'niveis velis, tents with white coverings; an anachronism, for tents were not then in use, but the soldiers encamped in huts, or lay on the bare ground.

470-2. primo somno,' instead of 'nocte'; Rhesus was surprised on the first night after his arrival. 'Ardentes castra,' and drove off the fiery steeds into the Grecian camp.

474-6. Troïlus, a younger son of Priam, was killed in an unequal encounter with Achilles. curru - inani,' prostrate in the chariot with

out a driver.

478. His hand still clutched the spear, but it was inverted, and its point drew a furrow in the sand.

479-80. non æquæ,' hostile, unfriendly. The peplum' was a rich garment, offered to propitiate Minerva. The Trojan matrons carried one to her temple, to induce her to check the progress of Diomed. 482. aversa; the implacable deity turned her face from them.

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486. 'currus'; that is, the chariot to which Achilles had tied the body of Hector, and dragged it round the walls. This, with the body itself, the arms, and the suppliant Priam, appeared in the painting. 488-9. Se quoque,' himself, also, his own figure among the other chiefs fighting in the midst of them. Eoasque acies,' troops from the East, Indians and Æthiopians, which Memnon, the son of Tithonus and Aurora, brought with him to aid the Trojans.

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490-1. Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons, was another ally of the Trojans. They bore lunatis peltis,' crescent-shaped bucklers. 492. Clasping a golden belt under her uncovered breast.

495. obtutu uno,' and remains absorbed in one earnest gaze. 498. The beautiful and majestic Dido is finely introduced by comparing her to Diana, leading the dances of her nymphs. 'Eurote'; a river of Laconia, in a district famous for hunting. Cynthi'; a range of hills in the island of Delos, where Apollo and Diana were born. 499-500. Exercet choros, directs the dancing and singing band. 'Oreades,' mountain nymphs, from ooos, a mountain.

502. tacitum for tacita'; silent joy agitates the bosom of Latona, the fond and proud mother of the goddess.

504-7. instans,' hastening forward. 'foribus,' in the doorway : 'mediâ testudine,' under the vaulted roof, and under the middle part of it, so far as the door was in the middle. armis,' for 'armatis,' by armed men. Jura dabat,' administered justice.

511-2.ater- oras,' whom the violent storm had scattered over the sea, and carried them far off to other shores.

515.sed turbat, but the unknown affair, uncertainty how they would be received, kept their minds anxious.

516. Dissimulant,' they repressed their feelings; they still remained concealed, in order to see the issue of the affair.

517-9. fortuna,' 'sit' understood; what success they would have: 'cunctis - navibus,' men chosen from each of the ships: veniam,' kind treatment, a favorable reception.

520-1. 'et-fandi,' and an opportunity of speaking in presence of the queen was given to them. Maximus,natu' understood, the eldest placido pectore,' calm, undisturbed.

522-3.novam-superbas,' whom Jupiter has permitted to found a

new city, and to restrain fierce tribes under an equitabɩc rule; 'gentes'; Africans, not Trojans, are meant.

525-7. The Carthaginians had attempted to prohibit the Trojans from landing, and to burn their ships. infandos,' because contrary to the laws of hospitality and the customs of nations. 'pio,' because they had done no wrong, innocent: 'et nostras,' look more closely into our case. He deprecates a hasty decision. 'Penates'; the household gods put for the dwellings, over which they preside.

529-31. vis, violent intentions: nec-victis, nor do vanquished persons have such assurance. Italy was called by the Greeks Hesperia, from Hesperus, because it lay to the west of their own country. ubere glebæ,' in fertility of soil.

532-3. The Enotri were a Pelasgic tribe, who, at an early period, colonized the south of Italy. 'nunc - gentem,' now there is a report, that their descendants have called the country Italy, after the name of their prince; namely, of Italus, a king in the olden time.

535. The rising of Orion was thought to herald a storm. 536-8. vada cæca,' hidden shoals: 'penitùs-Dispulit,' and, by the furious winds, scattered us far over the waves, and among the impassable rocks, the sea overpowering our efforts.

539-41. quæ patria,' or what so savage country allows this custom of treating strangers? primâ terrâ,' the shore.

543. Yet be assured, that the gods take notice of right and wrong. 545-9. Nec pietate,' nor superior in piety: 'si Etheriâ, if he still breathes the upper air. Non- Pœniteat,' do not fear, that you will repent of having striven to be first in rendering kind offices; metus,' 'sit tibi' understood; 'certâsse,' by syncope for certavisse.'

550. There is also a race of Trojan descent in Sicily, who will recompense your kindness to us.

551-2. Let us be allowed to draw up on the shore our ships damaged by the winds: 'aptare trabes,' to prepare ship-timber: 'stringere," to trim with the axe.

553-4. If we are permitted to hold on our course to Italy, having recovered our king and our companions, it is well that we should do so, that we should joyfully set out for Italy, and Latium; by a Greek idiom, the phrase, on which ut' with the subjunctive depends, is omitted. 559. Talibus,' 'verbis orabat' understood: 'ore fremebant,' murmured assent.

561. vultum demissa,' with downcast look, as if ashamed of the ill treatment of the Trojans.

563-4. Res dura,' critical state of affairs: 'talia Moliri,' to take such measures.

567-8. We Carthaginians do not have such unfeeling hearts, nor does the Sun yoke his steeds so far from the Tyrian city. The inhabitants of countries far to the north were barbarous and cruel.

569-70.Saturnia'; see note to Geor. II. 173. 'Erycis'; Eryx, a son of Butes and Venus, was buried in the western part of Sicily, where a mountain was named after him.

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572. Are you willing to abide in this kingdom on equal terms? 574. Trojan and Tyrian shall be treated by me without discrimination. 575-6. Atque-Eneas,' and would that king Eneas himself were here present, driven by the same wind! certos,' faithful messengers. 581-2. Ardebant,' eagerly desired. 'Nate deâ,' O goddess-born! 584-5. Unus'; that is, Orontes; see lines 113-8. dictis-matris, the others answer to the words of your mother,—are safe as she said; see line 390.

587. 'purgat,''se' understood; and clears off into pure air. 589-91. In his countenance and shoulders like a god; for his mother herself had bestowed beautiful hair on her son, had imparted the bright aspect of youth, and a pleasant sparkle to his eyes; 'Purpureum' is used

for any pleasing and lively color. Great personal attractions are here given to Eneas, to account for the subsequent infatuation of Dido.

592-3. Such beauty as-manus (artificis ') the skill of the artist adds to ivory, or as silver or Parian marble acquires, when set in yellow gold, such additional charms did Venus confer on her son.

595-7. Coràm - Æneas,' I, the Trojan Eneas, whom you seek, am here before you. O sola miserata,' O thou, who alone hast pitied. 598-602. In this order; Que socias Urbe, domo, nos, reliquias Danaum,' &c. who givest a share of your city and home to us, the remnant who have escaped the Greeks: grates nostre,' to repay the obligation in full is not in our power; 'opis'; Gr. § 211. Rem 8. (3.) -orbem,' nor is there anywhere a portion of the Trojan race, which is now scattered through the great world, that can requite you.

nec

603-4. 'qua numina,' any divine powers: 'si —recti,' if anywhere justice and a mind conscious of rectitude are any thing, are respected. 607-8. 'dum-convexa,' so long as the shadows pass round the convexity of the mountains; montibus' for montium'; Gr. § 211. Rem. 5. As the sun passes through its diurnal course, the shadow goes partly round the mountains. 'polus-pascet,' so long as the heavens support — sustain— the stars. The warm gratitude of Æneas is nobly expressed.

610. Quæ-terræ,' whatever lands call me to inhabit them; 'Quæ - cunque,' by tmesis; Gr. 323. § 4. (5.)

616-9. What power brings you to these barbarous shores? Art thou that Eneas, whom beautiful Venus bore to the Trojan Anchises, near the waters of the Phrygian Simors? I remember, indeed, that Teucer came to Sidon. This hero, because he returned from the Trojan war without avenging the death of his brother Ajax, was banished by his father, and went to Cyprus. This island had just been conquered by Belus, king of Tyre and father of Dido, by whose assistance Teucer established a colony, and founded the city of New Salamis. From him, Dido learned the story of the Trojan war and the fame of Æneas. This Teucer must be distinguished from the more ancient hero of that name, mentioned in the note to line 38. It should be observed, that in making Dido contemporary with Eneas, Virgil is guilty of a great anachronism, for Carthage was not founded for two hundred years after the Trojan war. 622. 'et-tenebat,' and, being victorious, held it in his power.

623-4. casus-Trojane,' the downfall of the Trojan city has been known to me. Pelasgi'; the most ancient of the Grecian tribes, here put for the whole race.

625-6. He highly praised the Trojans, though their enemy, and was willing to declare, that he was himself descended from the ancient stock of the Trojans.

628-30. A similar fortune has willed that I also, worn by many hardships, should finally make my abode in this land. Not unacquainted with misfortune myself, I have learned to succour the unhappy.

632. divûm - honorem,' appointed a sacrifice in the temples of the gods, in honor of the arrival of a guest.

634-5. magnorum suum,' a hundred large bristly swine; 'terga suum' for 'sues.'

636. Gifts and means of rejoicing for the day; 'dii'; Gr. § 90. Exc. 638. 'Instruitur'; as we say of a house, it was furnished.

640. Ingens — mensis,' large silver vessels were placed on the tables, sculptured in relief with subjects taken from the family history.

642-3. Brought down through many generations, from the very origin

of the ancient family. 'consistere,' to be at ease.

645-6. To announce these things to Ascanius, and to bring the boy himself to the city. cura,' anxiety: 'stat,' is fixed upon.

648. signisrigentem,' stiff with embroidery in gold.

650-2. In this order; Ornatus Argivæ Helenæ, mirabile donum

matris Ledæ, quos illa Extulerat Mycenis': Pergama - Hymenos,' when she came to Troy and to the illicit union with Paris.

653. Ilione, the eldest daughter of Priam, was married to Polymnestor, king of Thrace.

655-6. duplicem - coronam'; a coronet encircled with two rows, one of gold and the other of gems. 'celerans'; Gr. § 274. Rem. 2.

sea.

657. Venus was also called Cytherea from "Cythera," an island in the Mediterranean, near which she was fabled to have risen from the She now executes her plan of guarding Æneas against any treachery on the part of the Tyrians, by sending her son Cupid, the god of love, in the place of Ascanius, that he might inspire Dido with ardent affection for the Trojan hero.

659-62. donis Incendat,' might inflame by means of the gifts. The fire of passion, penetrating even to the bones, is a common idea. 'bilingues,' double-tongued, deceitful. In after times, Punica fides' was proverbial for ill faith. Urit,' 'eam' understood; 'sub noctem'; as we should say, her anxiety, on account of Juno's known hostility to the Trojans, would not suffer her to sleep.

663-6.aligerum Amorem,' the winged god of love: mea-potentia; that is, the source, or cause of my great power: tela Typhoïa'; the thunderbolts with which Jupiter struck down the giant Typhoeus. Venus means, that these are less to be dreaded than the darts of Cupid. 'tua numina,' your assistance.

667-8. Frater-jactetur,' that your brother Æneas is tossed about at sea, around all the shores.

671-2. quò — Hospitia,' to what issue this hospitality of Juno may turn: haud6 rerum,' she will not be wanting at so great a crisis; as

we say, the point on which the whole matter hinges.

her mind by

673-4. capere antè,' for antecapere,' to anticipate: 'flammâ,' the fire of love: ne- mutet,' that she (Dido) may not change the instigation of some god.

with great

675-6. But let her be constrained' mecum,' as I am· love towards Æneas. Quâ,' how, in what way. 677-8. In this order; Regius puer, mea maxima cura, parat ire, accitu cari genitoris, ad Sidoniam urbem.'

679.pelago - Troje,' preserved from the sea and the flames of Troy. 680-1. Ego recondam Hunc, sopitum somno, sacratâ sede super,' &c.; I will hide him, fast asleep, in my consecrated habitation in mountainous Cythera Idalium,' a mountain and grove in the island of Cyprus, a favorite abode of Venus.

682-6. That he may not in any way know of the stratagem, or interrupt it by his presence. Tu Falle illius faciem'; assume his aspect in order to deceive. laticem Lyæum,' wine; see note to Geor. II. 229. 688. 'fallas veneno,' secretly fill with the poison of love.

691 – 4. ' placidam — Irrigat' pours sweet sleep over the limbs. amaracus,' sweet marjoram : adspirans,' breathing odor.

697-8. aulæis-locavit,' the queen now reclined on a gilded couch with rich hangings, and placed herself in the midst; that is, between Eneas and the pretended Iulus.

700. strato ostro,' and the company recline on couches with purple coverings. The ancients placed themselves at table in a reclining posture, supported by cushions; and towels and water were brought for washing the hands, before they began to eat.

701-2. Cererem'; see note to line 177: tonsis-villis'; see note to Geor. IV. 377.

703-4. There were fifty maid servants within, whose duty it was in a long train to prepare the food, and to burn incense to the household gods. A fire was constantly kept up during an entertainment, on which incense and wine were thrown as an offering to the gods.

707-8. læta,' for læti'; the joyful Tyrians also come in crowds