ber.

'magno

amore' expresses the joy of the navigators on reaching land after the storm.

173.sale artus,' their limbs drenched in salt water.

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176-8. rapuit - flammam,' and quickly made the flame catch the fuel. Tum rerum,' then, worn out with their misfortunes, they bring forward the damaged grain, half spoiled by the salt water, and the utensils for grinding and baking; Ceres, the goddess of agriculture, is here put for grain, her arma' being the instruments for preparing bread. rerum,' 'adversarum' understood; Gr. § 213. Rem. 2. 'receptas,' rescued from the waves. The passage presents a lively picture, quite in the manner of Homer.

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181-4. Anthea Capyn'; 'quem' for aliquem'; if he could see any ship tossed about by the winds, either Antheus, and the Phrygian double-banked galleys, or Capys. Phrygias' for Trojanas,' the name Phrygia being originally applied to the shores of the Hellespont, where Troy was situated. The names are of the companions of Æneas, separated by the storm, whose ships he hoped to descry by mounting the cliff. in arma'; shields and other armour were hung up in the after part of the ship. Navem,' 'videt' understood.

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189-91. 'alta,' for 'altè'; carrying their heads high: Cornibus arboreis, with horns branching like trees: vulgus,' the common herd, that followed the leading stags: et- turbam,' and throws the whole troop into confusion, with his weapons driving them into the leafy groves. 193. 'et quet,' and obtained as many of them, as there were ships. 195-7. deinde Dividit Vina quæ,' &c.; then he divides the wine, which the good Acestes had placed in jars on the Sicilian shore, and which this hero had given to them, when departing from Sicily. Sicily was called Trinacria, from its three promontories. Acestes, of Trojan origin, a king in Sicily, had hospitably entertained Eneas.

198. antè malorum,' of former evils; Gr. § 205. Rem. 11.

199. You, who have suffered worse things than these, the gods will put an end to these calamities also

200-1. Scyllæam rabiem,' the Scyllaan pest; that is, the dangerous passage between Scylla and Charybdis; see note to Ecl. VI. 74. 'Accêstis, for 'accessistis': Cyclopia'; see note to Geor. I. 471.

203.forsan-juvabit,' perhaps, the recollection of these things at some future day will even be pleasant. A fine remark, to which the beautiful and well-known lines of Dante supply a counterpart.

"Nessun maggior dolore,

Che ricodarsi del tempo felice
Nella miseria."

204-5. per- rerum,' through so many critical positions of our affairs Tendimus in Latium,' we hold our course towards Latium; the part of Italy where Eneas was destined to reside.

207. Durate,' bear up bravely.

208-9. Æneas is much depressed himself, but conceals his anxiety, like a good leader, in order to cheer up his companions.

211. They tear the hide from the ribs, and lay bare the flesh. 212-3.trementia,' yet palpitating: verubus'; Gr. § 89. Rem. 5. 'ahena, brazen vessels, caldrons: flammas ministrant,' and put fire beneath them.

215. They satisfy themselves with old wine and the fat flesh of wild animals; 'ferinæ, carnis' understood; Gr. § 220. 3.

217. requirunt,' properly signifies to seek after something, which was lost; here, to mourn over that loss.

219. 'extrema pati,' to suffer a violent death, by drowning or otherwise: C nec- vocatos,' now, when invoked, they do not hear; alluding to the custom of invoking the dead by name in the funeral ceremony. 221-2. casum gemit, mourns over the misfortune, or unhappy death: 'et-fata,' and grieves at the hard fate.

223. 'finis, 'querelarum' understood; their lamentations nad now ceased. The scene now changes to Olympus, the habitation of the gods, and a dialogue between Venus and Jupiter is related.

224-6. velivolum,' winged with sails, poetically, for abounding with ships; one of the few Latin epithets, that remind the reader of the graphic epithets of Homer. 'jacentes,' stretched out beneath, Jupiter looking down upon them. 'vertice cæli,' the apex of Olympus, the highest point of heaven. sic Constitit,' thus he stood, as one stops to gaze at any thing.

227-30. In this order: Atque Venus Tristior,'-et-nitentes,' her shining eyes suffused with tears, Alloquitur illum': 'jactantem pectore,' revolving in his mind: 'O qui regis res,' O thou, who governest the affairs of men.

231-2. What so great crime against thee has my Æneas been able to commit, what have the Trojans done, from whom, having already suffered so many calamities, &c.

233-7. ob Italiam,' on account of Italy, in order to hinder their settlement there. Certè Pollicitus,'es' understood; you have surely promised Hinc,' hence, from this Trojan band: 'revocato Teucri,' from the reestablished race of Teucer; see note to line 38: 'omni ditione,' under their universal sway. Quæ vertit,' what new plan, O father, changes you, alters your intention?

238-9. With this hope, indeed, I was consoling myself for the overthrow and pitiable ruin of Troy, balancing these unlucky fates by the happier destinies to come.

242. Antenor, a nephew of Priam, after the fall of Troy led a colony into the northeastern part of Italy.

243-5. Antenor's voyage through the Adriatic sea is described by mentioning the nations, who dwell on its shores. On the north of it was Illyricum, the western part of which country was called Liburnia. 'sinus,' bays on the Illyrian coast: intima Regna,' kingdom in the interior, because situated far up the gulf. fontem Timavi'; see note to Ecl. VIII. 6. Because this river was short, though broad and rapid, its source is here confounded with its opening into the sea. It had nine fountains among the hills, which filled a large and sounding stream; hence, montis,' a great flood of water.

246. It goes forth like a rushing sea, and covers the fields with its sounding waves.

247-9. Patavi,' Padua, a city in the north of Italy, said to be founded by Antenor. genti nomen'; he led into Italy a band of the Heneti, a Paphlagonian people, to whom the Venetians ascribe their name. arma-Troia,' and hung up the Trojan arms, in sign of peace. 'compôstus,' for 'compositus,' referring to Antenor's peaceful death. 250-1. annuis,' promise: arcem cœli'; that is, deification: unius,' of one alone: that is, of Juno.

253. sic-reponis,' do you thus restore us to empire? Venus affectionately represents her son's interests as her own.

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254-6. Olli,' for 'Illi'; Gr. § 322. 8. 'Oscula libavit,' gently kissed his daughter. dehinc'; see note to line 131.

257-8. metu,' for 'metui'; Gr. § 89. Rem. 3: 'tuorum,' of your descendants: 'Lavinî,' Lavinium, the city founded by Æneas, and named after his wife.

261. 'quando — remordet,' since this anxiety afflicts you.

262. Unrolling further the secrets of destiny, I will declare them to you. The writings of the ancients being kept in rolls, they spoke of unrolling, where we say opening a volume.

264.

mores - - ponet,' he shall establish cities and laws for the men. 266. And three winters shall have passed, after subduing the Rutuli; a people of Italy, of whom more hereafter.

267-9. 'cui- Additur,' who is now surnamed Iulus: Iulo;' Gr.

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§ 204. Rem. 8. 'dum. - regno,' while the affairs of Ilium were pros perous. magnos orbes,' great, or annual revolutions, in distinction from the course of the moon; thirty years with their revolving months. 271. Albam'; see note to line 7: multâ vi'; with great strength. 272. Here the kingdom shall last three hundred whole years; 'regnabitur,' used impersonally; annos'; Gr. § 236. According to this account, about four hundred years elapsed between the sack of Troy and the foundation of Rome.

273-6. Gente sub Hectoreâ,' under the people of Hector; that is, the Trojans, here named from their chief hero. donec prolem,' until Ilia, the priestess-queen, (a priestess of a royal family,) made pregnant by Mars, shall bring forth a twin progeny; that is, Romulus and Remus. Ilia, otherwise called Rhea Silvia, the daughter of Numitor, was made a vestal, when Numitor was deposed by his brother Amulius, in order that she might not bear any offspring. But from the god Mars, according to the legend, she became the mother of two boys, who were exposed to perish by order of their uncle. A she-wolf suckled the infants, till they were found and adopted by a herdsman. They afterwards restored Numitor to the throne, and then founded Rome for themselves. Then, Romulus, rejoicing in the tawny covering of the wolf his nurse, shall obtain the rule over the people. Mavortia, of Mars, alluding to the supposed parentage of Romulus.

278-80.metas rerum,' limits to their authority. A magnificent description of the future grandeur of the Roman empire.

even fatigat metu,' agitates with fear of her machinations.

Quin,' nay

281. Consilia-referet'; she shall begin to favor the Romans. 282. togatam'; the toga being the garb of peace, the word indicates the peaceful, though dignified character of the race; as we say, an enrobed people.

283. Thus it is decreed by fate. In the lapse of years a time shall come; the lustrum' was a space of five years.

284-6. Assaraci'; see note to Geor. III. 35. Phthiam'; a city and district of Thessaly. The conquest of Greece by the Romans is here mentioned, as a requital for the sack of Troy by the Greeks. Phthia was the country of Achilles, Mycenæ that of Agamemnon, and Argos of Diomed. pulchrâ,' illustrious.

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289-91. You hereafter, free from fear, shall receive him into heaven, loaded with the spoils of the East; he also shall be addressed with vows, like a god. This refers to Augustus. 'positis bellis,' wars being ended. 292-3. Cana Fides,' hoary faith, white-haired, because ancient, or worshipped by the fathers. Vesta, the deity first worshipped at Rome, seems here to stand for the practice of religion. As Romulus and Remus quarrelled in their lifetime, the mention of them here, as united in legislation, seems to be typical of their reconciliation. The meaning of the line therefore is, Good faith, religion, and concord shall be restored. Quirinus'; see note to Geor. III. 27. The remainder of the passage refers to the Roman ceremony of closing the gates of the temple of Janus, which was done when the state was relieved from wars; War is personified, and represented as a monster confined in this temple. compagibus arctis,' with drawn bars. This whole speech of Jupiter, in magnificence of diction and richness of imagery, is suited to the dignity of the subject.

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297. Maiâ genitum,' the son of Maia; Mercury was the messenger of the gods.

3012. Remigio alarum,' by the oarage of his pinions; wings compared to oars. Pani,' the Carthaginians; from Phoni,' they being of Phoenician origin.

303-4. in benignam,' the queen, especially, receives a tranquil mind and a friendly disposition towards the Trojans. The story now returns to Eneas, who sets forth early in the morning to explore the country, and ascertain who were its inhabitants.

306-8. 'exire,' depends on 'constituit' in the 309th line; he resolved to go forth: 'Qui-ferene,' who inhabited them, whether men or wild beasts, for he saw they were uncultivated.

309-10. 'sociis — referre,' and to bring back the results of his search to his companions: innemorum,' in a recess within the grove; a concave opening appears convex when seen from without.

313-5. Brandishing in his hand two spears with broad iron heads. His mother (Venus) encountered him in the midst of the wood, disguised as a huntress. 'os habitumque,' the countenance and attire.

316-8. The Spartan maidens were trained to war and the chase, and were dressed conformably. The Thracian Harpalyce was a famous Amazon, who rescued her father from captivity. 'volucrem - Eurum,' outstrips the swift east wind in her course. 'de more,' according to the custom of hunters: habilem,' light, easily borne.

320.nodo fluentes,' the loose folds of her garment gathered up in a knot; sinus'; Gr. § 234. II.

321-2. 'monstrate sororum,' tell me if, by chance, you have seen any one of my sisters wandering here; quam,' for aliquam.' 324. prementem cursum apri,' chasing the wild boar. 326-8. mihi'; Gr. § 225. II. call you: 6

'quam te memorem,' what shall I nec sonat,' nor is your voice human.

329-30. Phœbi soror'; Diana, sister of Apollo, goddess of hunting: 'sanguinis,' race: Sis - laborem,' be propitious, and lessen our misfortunes, whoever thou art.

331-3. Et-doceas,' pray inform me, in what country, on what shore of the earth, we are thrown. qu' Erramus'; Gr. § 307. 3.

337. And to bind high the leg with the red buskin.

338. Agenor was a king of Phoenicia, and an ancestor of Dido. 339-40. Sed - Libyci,' but the country itself is Libyan: intractabile,' indomitable. Dido, who came from the city of Tyre, holds the rule. 341-2. Germanum,' her brother: Longa-rerum,' the story of her wrongs is long, and the circumstances connected with it numerous; but I will sketch the chief points of the tale.

343-4. Sychæus here has the first syllable long, though in other places it is short. 'ditissimus - Phonicum,' the most rich of all the Phænicians in land: 'miseræ,' by the unhappy Dido; Gr. § 225. II. 345-7. intactam,' while yet a virgin primis Ominibus,' first nuptial rites; taking the auspices being a part of the ceremony. 'scelere

- omnes,' more ruthless than all others in crime; Gr. § 256. Rem. 13. 348-51. Quos furor,' the madness of enmity intervened between them. In this order; ille, Impius atque cæcus amore auri, securus amorum Germanæ, Clam superat ferro incautum Sychæum ante aras'; Impius,' because the deed was committed 'ante aras': cæcus,' blinded: securus,' regardless, heedless of the shock given to his sister through her affection for Sychæus: superat ferro, killed: ægram,' sick with anxiety for the disappearance of her husband. 353-4. Ipsa - conjugis, but the apparition itself of her unburied husband came to her in her sleep.

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355-6. Told her of the cruel deed committed before the altar, laid bare his bosom pierced with the sword, and disclosed all the secret wickedness of one of her own family; Crudeles,' by hypallage, is joined with aras,' depending on 'nudavit.'

358. Auxilium viæ,' in apposition with Thesauros'; to aid her in the journey.

361-2. Conveniunt erat,' those meet together, who had either great hatred or a lively fear of the tyrant; crudele,' for 'ingens.'

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364.Pygmalionis opes'; that is, the wealth which Pygmalion already considered as his own: dux-facti,' a woman was the leader in the action; the tyrant was eluded, even by a woman.

367-8. They bought a piece of ground, called Byrsa, from the nature

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of the transaction ny which it was acquired, as much as they could encompass by a bull's hide; Byrsa,' Bigoa, a hide. When the Africans at first refused Dido permission to land, she purchased of them as much land as could be covered by a bull's hide. She then cut the hide into strips, and thus enclosed a large space with it.

369-70. Sed-tandem, but pray who are you? Quærenti talibus,' to her inquiring in such words: 'ille, respondit' understood.

372-4. O goddess, if I should go on narrating from the very com mencement the story of our misfortunes, and there should be leisure to hear me, the evening star would end the day, the heavens being shut in with darkness, before the tale would be ended; Olympo,' for cœlo.' 'compono, to perform the funeral rites of any thing.

375-7. In this order; tempestas suâ Forte appulit Nos vectos antiquâ Trojâ,' &c.; Forte suâ,' by peculiar chance, by such accident as a storm usually causes. 'iit per,' for pervenit ad': 'Trojâ'; Gr. § 255: 'diversa,' remote from our proper route.

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380-4. genus-summo,' the birthplace of my family, which is derived from greatest Jove; because Dardanus, the son of Jupiter, was from Italy. conscendi,' I embarked upon: Phrygium æquor'; the sea lying before the Troad: 'data- secutus,' following the destiny made known to me. 'ignotus'; in this country he was unknown to all.

325-6. Nec est,' Venus did not permit him to complain further, but thus interrupted him in the midst of his grief.

387-8. haud invisus,' not hated, that is, especially favored by the gods: auras - carpis,' by periphrasis, for you live.

390. For your friends have returned and your ships are brought back; those which were separated from him in the storm.

392. 'vani'; deceived in their belief, mistaken.

394-6. Ætheriâ ales,' whom the bird of Jove, (the eagle,) darting down from the ethereal tract, from on high: Turbabat, frightened: 'nunc - videntur,' now, in a long train, they seem either to occupy the ground, or to look down upon the spot already occupied; that is, some of the flock have already lighted, and the others are hovering just above them. This agrees with the 400th line, where the twelve lost ships, here typified by the twelve swans, are described as either actually in harbour, or as approaching it under full sail.

397-9. Ut-ludunt, just as they (the_swans,) having returned, sport; Haud - tuæ,' so your ships, &c. ‘Et — polum,' and in a troop

encircle the skies.

402-3. Venus, when about to part from her son, makes herself known to him, appearing in her own divine beauty. avertens,' turning away: refulsit, shone forth resplendent: vertice,' from her head. The per fuine of ambrosia was one index of a divine presence; the garment flowing down to the feet, another; the mode of walking, "smooth sliding without step," a third.

405. Et-dea,' and by her gait the true goddess was manifest. The diction in these lines is exquisite.

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406-8. sequi voce,' to call after one. 'Quid — imaginibus,' you also cruel, why so often do you mock your son with delusive appearances? 409. ac 6 voces,' that is, to converse; but he wishes audire veras voces,' that she should speak truly, or in her own character, and not as a nymph.

411-2.obscuro aere sepsit,' environed them with air impervious to sight, made them invisible; circùm-fudit'; Gr. § 323. 4. (5.)

415. Paphum'; a city in the island of Cyprus, sacred to Venus. 'sublimis abit,' flew up to.

416-7. Sabo Thure'; see note to Geor. I. 57: 'sertis-halant,' and reek with fresh garlands. How appropriate to the character of Venus! No bloody sacrifices for her altars, but frankincense and freshly gathered flowers there exhale sweet odors.