through the estate, thereby dividing it into two parts, and no bridge near the boundary, then it will be best to survey that part which lies on one side of the stream first, and afterwards that part which lies on the other side thereof; if the stream be of an irregular breadth, both its banks forming boundaries to several' fields should be surveyed, and its breadth, where it enters, and where it leaves the estate, be determined by the rules of trigonometry.

In the next place, take the lanes or roads, (if any such there be) that go through the estate, noting in the same manner as before, where the divisions between the several fields butt on those lanes or roads, and where the gates enter into those fields, and what other objects there may be worth noticing. Where a lane runs through an estate, it is best to survey in the lane, because in so doing, you can take the offsets and remarks both on the right hand and the left, and thereby carry on the boundaries on each side at once. If a large stream run through and separate the estate, it should be surveyed as above-mentioned; but small brooks running through a meadow, require only a few offsets to be taken from the nearest station line, to the principal bends or turnings in the brook.

In the last place take the internal divisions or boundaries between the several fields, beginning at any convenient place, before noted in the field book, where the internal divisions butt on the outside of the grounds, or on the lanes, &c. noting always every remarkable object in the field book.

Example. Let fig. 5, plate 18, represent an estate to be surveyed; begin at any convenient place as at A, where the two lanes meet, proceed noting the courses, distances, &c. as before directed from A to B, from B to C, and so on to D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, and A, quite round the estate.

Then proceed along the lane from A to N, O, and

I, setting the courses, distances, offsets, and remarks, as before.

This done, proceed to, the internal divisions, beginning at any convenient place, as at O, and proceed, always taking your notes as before directed, from O to P, Q, and R, so will you have with the notes previously taken, the dimensions of the north field; go back to Q, and proceed from Q to F, and you obtain the dimensions of the copse. Take ES and SP, and you will have the dimensions of the home field; go back to S, and take ST, and you will have the dimensions of the land, applied to domestic purposes of buildings, yards, gardens, and orchards, the particulars and separate divisions of which being small, had better be taken last of all; go down to N, and take ND, noting the offsets as well to the brook, as to the fences, which divide the meadow from the south and west fields, so will you have the dimensions of the long meadow, together with the minutes for laying down the brook therein; go back to U, and take ÚB, and you obtain the dimensions of the west field, and also of the south field; go back again to N, and take NW, noting the offsets as well to the brook as to the fence which divides the meadow from the east field, thus will you have the dimensions of the east field, and the minutes for laying down the brook in the meadow; then go to L, and take LX, which gives you the dimensions of the east meadow, and of the great field; and lastly, take the internal divisions of the land, appropriated to the domestic purposes of buildings, yards, orchards, gardens, &c.

The method of taking the field notes is so entirely similar to the examples already given, that they would be altogether unnecessary to repeat here.

To the surveyor there can need no apology for introducing, in this place, the method used by Mr. Milne, one of the most able and expert surveyors of his time; and I think he will consider

himself obliged to Mr. Milne, for communicating, with so much liberality, his deviations from the common practice, as those who have hitherto made any improvements in the practical part of surveying, have kept them as profound secrets, to the detriment of science and the young practitioner. As every man can describe his own methods, in the clearest and most intelligible manner, I have left Mr. Milne's in his own language.

MR. MILNE'S METHOD OF SURVEYING.

"The method I take to keep my field notes in surveying land, differing materially from those yet published; if, upon examination, you shall think it may be useful or worthy of adoption, you may, if you please, give it a place in your treatise on surveying.

"What I, as well as all surveyors aim at, in going about a survey, is accuracy and dispatch; the first is only to be acquired by care and good instruments, the latter by diligence and long practice.

"From twenty years' experience, in the course of which I have tried various methods, the following is what I at last adopted, as the most eligible for carrying on an extensive survey, either in England, Scotland, or any other cleared country.

"Having taken a cursory view of the ground that I am first to proceed upon, and observed the plainest and clearest tract, upon which I can measure a circuit of three or four miles, I begin at a point convenient for placing the theodolite upon, and making a small hole in the ground, as at A, plate 20, one assistant leading the chain, the other having a spade for making marks in the ground, I measure in a direct line from the hole at A to B, noting down, as I go along, on the field sketch the several distances from place to place, and sketching in the figure of the road, as 75 links to the east side of the avenue,

400 links, touching the south side of the road, with an offset of 40 links to the other side, 500 links to the corner of a wood, and 817 to the corner of another wood; which last not allowing me to carry the line farther, I make a mark at B, where I mean to plant the instrument, and beginning a new line, measure along the side of the road 885 links to C, where I make a mark in the ground, writing the same in my field sketch, taking care always to stop at a place from which the last station can be seen, when a pole is placed at it. Beginning a new line, and measuring in a direct line towards D, I have 345 links to a line of trees, 390 links opposite a corner of paled inclosures, where I make a mark to have recourse to, and 893 links to the end of the line, where I make a mark in the ground at D; from thence measuring in a direct line to E, I here have 600 links of steep ground, therefore make a mark in the ground at the bottom of the steepness, so that when I come to take the angles with the theodolite, I may take the depression thereof; continuing out the line, I have 1050 links to a bridge, with an offset of 20 links to the bridge, and 80 links to the paling; at 1247 there is a line of trees on the left, and here also the line comes to the north side of the road, and 1388 links to the end of the line at E, and so proceed in like manner round the circuit to F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N; and from thence to A where I began. The holes, or marks made in the ground, are represented by round dots on the field sketch; steepness of ground is expressed on the sketch by faint strokes of the pen, as at D, F, &c. Figures ending a station line are written larger than the intermediate ones; offsets are written down opposite the places they were taken at, and are marked either to the right, or left of the line on the field sketch, just as they happen to be on the ground. If the field sketch here given was enlarged, so as to fill a sheet of paper, there would then be room for in

serting the figures of all the offsets, which the smallness of this does not admit of.

"In measuring these circuits, or station lines, too much care cannot be taken by the surveyor to measure exact; I therefore, in doing them, always choose to hold the hindermost end of the chain myself.

"The next thing to be done is to take the angles or bearings of the above described circuit, and also the altitude or depression of the different declivities that have been measured up or down.

"Having previously prepared a sheet of Dutch paper with meridian lines drawn upon it, as in plate 21, also a horn protractor with a scale of chains upon the edge thereof, and a small ruler about a foot in length; and having two assistants provided with a pole each, to which are attached plumb lines for keeping them perpendicular, and a third assistant for carrying the theodolite: I proceed to plant the instrument where I began to measure, or at any other angular point in the circuit; if the wind blows high, I choose a point to begin at that is sheltered from it, so that the needle may settle steady at the magnetic north, which is indispensably necessary at first setting off, at the same time taking care that no iron is so near the place as to attract the needle.

"The best theodolite for this purpose is the large one, see fig. 2, plate 16, the manner of using of which I shall here describe.

"The spirit level C, having been previously adjusted to the telescope A, and the two telescopes pointing to the same object, I begin by levelling the instrument, by means of the four screws M acting between the two parallel plates N, first in a line with the magnetic north and then at right angles thereto. This accomplished, I turn the moveable index, by means of the screw G, till it coincides with 180° and 360°, and with the mag