grandson and heir, of the same name as himself, who is sometimes called an Earl, and appears to have enjoyed that titular rank, but not the Earldom of Lincoln. King Richard the First let the county to farm to a perpetual sheriff named Gerard de Camville, who retained his office during the greater part of that reign and the reign of John, and under whose widow the castle withstood a siege in 1216. At that time Gilbert de Gand the Second, nephew to the former, was made Earl of Lincoln by Prince Louis of France, who had espoused the cause of the confederate Barons of England; but this Gilbert never obtained possession of the castle. The Barons were defeated at the memorable battle of Lincoln, fought in 1217, by which King Henry the Third was established on the throne, and the earldom of Lincoln was immediately given to the Earl of Chester, who was great-grandson to the Countess Lucia before mentioned. He died in 1231; but, shortly before his death, transferred the earldom by charter to his daughter Hawise, widow of Robert de Quency; and she again, after her father's decease and the consequent partition of his property (whereupon she received the lands appertaining to the castle and honour of Bolingbroke), transmitted the dignity to her son-in-law John de Lacy, constable of Chester. This was the first of the house of Lacy who was Earl of Lincoln; he died in 1240; his son Edmund in 1257; and Henry de Lacy, the next in succession, was Earl of Lincoln for fifty-five years, from 1257 to 1312. His daughter and heiress, Alice, was married to Thomas Earl of Lancaster (grandson of King Henry the Third), who thus became Earl of Lincoln, as did successively her second and third husbands, Eubulo le Strange and Hugh le Fresnes. The next Earl was Henry Duke of Lancaster, nephew of Thomas; he died in 1361. His son-in-law, John of Ghent, fourth son of King Edward the Third, also enjoyed this with other earldoms, being Earl of Richmond, Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester. In the person of his son, Henry of Boling. broke, who obtained the throne as Henry the Fourth in 1399, the earldom of Lincoln merged in the crown. As a title appertaining to the blood royal, it was subsequently conferred by King Edward the Fourth in 1467 on his nephew John de la Pole, son and heir-apparent of John Duke of Suffolk; and again by King Henry the Eighth in 1525 on his nephew Henry Brandon, son and heir-apparent of Charles Duke of Suffolk; but each of these died without issue, and it was finally bestowed by Queen Elizabeth in 1572 on Edward Lord Clinton, her Lord Admiral, in whose family it still exists, the present Duke of Newcastle being the eleventh Earl of the

house of Clinton. The early part of this historical descent is wholly different from the account given by Dugdale, and all the writers on the peerage; and the evidences upon which it is founded were first collected in Mr. Nichols's " Topographer and Genealogist," 8vo. 1843.

The Dean of Hereford exhibited a drawing of a processional cross found at West Farley church in Kent, and now in the possession of the Dean of Rochester; and he also exhibited portions of a similar cross found in Hereford cathedral. Two others found at Hereford are in private hands. Some discussion having arisen respecting the use of the cross as distinctive of archbishops, (a subject recently discussed by one of our own correspondents: see July 1848, p. 33), Mr. Willson explained that, whilst archbishops formerly exhibited the crossstaff as denoting their metropolitan dignity, they also on ordinary occasions used the crosier, which typified their pastoral charge over their own dioceses, as in the case of other bishops. Processional crosses were very different, and they usually included figures of Mary and John, as well as the Rood. Mr. Willson exhibited one in the temporary museum, the pattern of which nearly coincided with the drawing exhibited by the Dean of Hereford. Every parish church had one or more of such

crosses.

Her

Mr. Willson then came forward, and gave some account of the Queen Alianor's Cross and other ancient buildings of the city of Lincoln. Queen Alianor died at Hardby, a manor-house on the edge of Nottinghamshire, and about five miles from Lincoln; then belonging to the family of Weston. Her body having been embalmed, the bowels were interred in Lincoln Minster, and a tomb there erected, which is now wholly destroyed, but which, from the accounts of it extant, appears to have resembled almost exactly that still remaining in Westminster Abbey. heart was deposited in the church of the Black Friars near London, where a third monument was erected; and at each of the twelve halting-places of the funeral, memorial crosses were built, of which those of Geddington, Northampton, and Waltham are alone remaining. The cross at Lincoln is described by Leland as standing "a little without Bar, a very fair cross and large;" it is also noticed by Camden, Weever, Bishop Saunderson, and Dugdale, but was destroyed in the time of the civil wars.-Mr. Willson added some remarks on the Conduit in the High Street, which was built about the time of the Reformation, chiefly of fragments from the chantry chapel of Ranulph de Kyme (of the period of Edw. IV.) brought from the house of the White Friars, the site of

:

which is now occupied by the railroad. The other "castle of conduit" mentioned by Leland has been destroyed.-With regard to the Castle of Lincoln, Mr. Willson remarked that the original castle is mentioned in Domesday book as having been built by the Conqueror. Of the eastern gate, the inner arch is of the original Norman architecture; but the present front is of the time of Edward I., or perhaps as late as Edward III. From the open space formed in front of this gate, it now stands immediately opposite to the Exchequer Gate of the close; but this was not formerly the case until the removal of several old houses in 1809, the avenue to the castle was by a narrow winding lane. The postern or western gate, on the other side of the castle area, was formerly defended by a drawbridge. It was near this postern that the Western Gate of the Roman city was discovered in 1836, after having been buried under the castle mound from the time of the Conqueror's works (see the view engraved in our Magazine for June, 1836). It had no side portals, as the Newport Gate had, and fell down within a week after the discovery: but the stones still remain in situ, the builder who was digging foundations for cottages having been stopped by injunction from the Court of Chancery, and the castle mound restored by the county. "Cobshole," which King in his "Ancient Castles" describes as a chapel, and erroneously as having pillars, was not a chapel, but a prison. Cobbing was the name of a punishment inflicted on petty thieves.

Of the three other Roman Gates of the city, Mr. Willson stated that the Newport Gate had two foot entrances, over one of which a house now stands; but when that house was rebuilt some years ago, it was found that the arch had previously fallen. The Roman masonry of the central and remaining foot-arch have remained in the same state for many centuries, and are still protected by portions of medieval superstructure resting upon them. The South Gate was standing until 1720, and had also a postern. Some portions of the Roman masonry are seen in the foot pavement and the wall of the adjoining house. The Eastern Gate stood at the corner of the Deanery, and some fragments were found in the recent demolition of that building, which is now being rebuilt.See in our Magazine for January last the representation of a stone chimney-piece found in taking down the old Deanery.

Mr. Hunter remarked that among some ancient books of record which had been sold by public auction in London within the last month was a household account of Queen Alianor for the last six months of her life, and that this throws a new and

valuable light upon that portion of the Queen's history, and enables him to correct a part of the paper on this subject which he communicated some years ago to the Society of Antiquaries, and which is printed in the Archæologia; since it now appears that, instead of being placed at Hardby while the council was being held at Clipston, she accompanied the King in his excursion in Derbyshire, and was left behind by him at Chesterfield, where she remained for some weeks. She rejoined her husband when the council was over, and visited with him various places in Nottinghamshire, moving in the direction of Lincoln. In these removes she is found, for the first time, at Hardby a few days only before her death, so that the probability seems to be that she was at that time quite exhausted, and being unable to proceed further was content to accept the poor accommodation which only such a place as Hardby appears to have been could have afforded to her, not that she had been placed there as the result of previous deliberation and election.

Lord Brownlow then took the chair as President of the General Meeting. Various speeches were made by the Marquess of Northampton, Lord Monson, Mr. J. M. Kemble, Mr. Lawson, the Dean of Hereford, the Hon. E. L. Melville, Sir Charles Anderson, Mr. Hawkins, and Mr. Way, expressive of the thanks of the Institute for the assistance and civilities it had received, and acknowledgments were returned by the Bishop of Lincoln, the Dean, the Mayor, &c.; after which the annual election took place, the following gentlemen being chosen to fill the places of those going out of office: Sir John P. Boileau, Bart. F.R.S. as Vice-President; Charles R. Cockerell, esq. R.A., M. Rohde Hawkins, esq. John Mitchell Kemble, esq. M.A., Charles Winston, esq. and Digby Wyatt, esq. as members of the Central Committee; and C. F. Barnwell, esq. and W. S. Walford, esq. as Auditors.

The next Annual Meeting was fixed to take place at Salisbury, when the Right Hon. Sidney Herbert will preside. The Lord Bishop of Salisbury has assented to be Patron of the meeting.

Among the papers which there was not time to bring forward were,-a memoir by Mr. Hudson Turner on the legend of the boy Hugh, the alleged victim of the Jews of Lincoln in the 13th century; a proposal for the voluntary training of the gentlemen of Kesteven, written in 1590; the Order for Swans, communicated by A. Bromhead, esq.; the inventory of the effects of Richard de Ravenser, archdeacon of Lincoln, 1386, a very curious illustration of the luxurious manners of the clergy in the reign of

Richard II.; and several other papers less immediately connected with the object of the meeting. The former will be included in the Lincoln volume of the Institute, and the latter will be published in its quarterly Journal.

We have still to notice, and it must be very briefly, the magnificent assemblage of works of ancient art which was collected in the temporary museum, and even eclipsed the very successful exhibitions of former years. It included a splendid assemblage of ecclesiastical vestments, contributed by Bruno Bowden, esq., Rev. Charles Kennaway, and Mr. Willson; some beautiful specimens of ancient jewellery, contributed by Mr. Farrer; the gold torque recently discovered in Needwood Forest (see p. 73), exhibited by command of her Majesty; a large assemblage of gold ornaments discovered at Kilmuckridge, co. Wexford, and other places in Ireland; several Stuart relics, the property of Mr. Hamilton Gray; a large number of ancient weapons, chiefly found in the river Witham and the neighbourhood of Lincoln during recent railway operations; a series of ancient arms and armour brought from the Tower of London by favour of the Hon. Board of Ordnance; a remarkable mass of indurated chain-mail, with a gold stud fixed in it, found with a skull, a sword, and an iron javelin-head, in the Witham at Stixwold; the iron arm of Clephane of Clephane, intended as a substitute for a lost hand, exhibited by the Marquess of Northampton; the regalia of the corporation of Lincoln, including "the Lent sword" said to have been presented to them by King Richard II. and bearing on each side its pomel the arms of France (ancient) and England quarterly, in a shield placed between two ostrich feathers; the silver oar of Boston, presented to that town by Queen Elizabeth, sold by the corporation in 1832, and now belonging to Earl Brownlow; two suits of armour worn by the champions, and exhibited by Sir John Dymoke; ancient chalices and relics discovered in the Minster; the rings and crozier of Bishop Grosseteste; and a rich miscellaneous collection of manuscripts, carvings, enamels, rings, &c.

On the day after the meeting a supplementary excursion was made to the round church of Temple Bruere, where some preparatory excavations had been made by the proprietor, Mr. Chaplin, and some important architectural features of the structure were discovered. The Rev. Dr.

* Resembling that which was exhibited at Norwich, now in the possession of Lord Hastings.

GENT. MAG. VOL. XXX.

Oliver, the author of a memoir on Temple Bruer in the Transactions of the Lincolnshire Topographical Society, and of various works on Freemasonry, met the party, and pointed out what he considered to be evidence of the knights having been freemasons.

The annual congress of the BRITISH ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION has been held at Worcester, and the annual meeting of the SUSSEX ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY at Lewes, of each of which some report shall be given in our next.

WESTMINSTER ABBEY.

The Dean and Chapter of Westminster deserve very great praise for the recent alterations in the Abbey. It is hardly like the same place. The north transept is open to the south, and the south to the north, and when you stand in Poet'scorner, by the graves of Garrick and Johnson, and the monuments of Shakspere and Gay, you can see Flaxman's Lord Mansfield, Bacon's Lord Chatham, and Chantrey's statue of George Canning, in the transept on the other side of the choir. Formerly you could see nothing more than an incongruous screen, very little better than an ornamental hoarding. The old stalls and seats have been removed; new canopies erected, in the style and character of the Aymer de Valence monument; the organ placed on one side, and the great west window made visible from the choir. By these alterations 1000 additional seats have been obtained. But this is not all. The windows in the south transept and Poet's-corner have been filled with stained glass, in an early and good style, by Messrs. Ward and Nixon. The great upper light is a marygold window, of exquisite shape; beneath is an open arcade, with three double lights, and beneath that is a row of six lights. All are filled with stained glass, and each compartment is complete in itself. The colours are rich, the rubies and blues wonderfully so. The designs, too, are good. Other works are in progress. The Dean and Chapter are about to restore to the places from which they were stolen two emblazoned bronze escutcheons from the tomb of Edward III., and a bronze wreath from the tomb of Henry VII. These have been returned by the repenting individuals, or executors of parties that must have torn them with heavy tools from these royal monuments. Another penitent pilferer has lately sent to the Dean a slice taken some years ago from the coronation chair.

2 R

HOUSE OF COMMONS.

July 17. On the motion of the Chancellor of the Exchequer the House went into committee on the RUM Duties, the right hon. Baronet concluding his speech by submitting a resolution to the effect of substituting for the present differential duty of nine pence a duty of four pence per gallon, which was carried by a majority of 79.

July 19. On the motion for going into committee on the ROMAN CATHOLIC RELIEF Bill, several of its supporters endeavoured in vain to induce Mr. Anstey to withdraw it for the present session. The hon. gentleman was, however, resolute, and a division consequently ensued, the result of which was the defeat of the Bill by a majority of 87 to 40.

On the PARLIAMENTARY ELECTORS Bill Lord Galway moved that the report be received that day six months.-Sir De Lacy Evans said that the rapid payment of rates previous to elections was in itself a proof of that bribery which he desired to put an end to, and was a strong argument in favour of his Bill. The House dividedfor the amendment, 62; against it, 66. Mr. Frewen proposed that the Bill should not come into operation before the 1st of January, 1849. Sir De Lacy Evans acceded to the suggestion, and the report was then agreed to.

July 20. The Solicitor-General moved the further consideration of the report on the INCUMBERED ESTATES (IRELAND) Bill.-Mr. Napier objected at considerable length to the different provisions engrafted upon the Bill by the Solicitor-General since it came down from the other House. The Bill was no longer confined to certain specified property, but was, by its new machinery, let loose against the whole landed property of Ireland, at a time when it was greatly depreciated and should not be tampered with. He concluded by moving as an amendment that the Bill be recommitted, with a view to striking out some of its clauses.-The Solicitor-General defended the Bill in its present shape, as calculated to afford employment to the poor, and to raise up a graduated proprietary class in Ireland. After some discussion the committee divided, and the numbers were-for the amendment, 52; against it, 197.

Lord J. Russell moved the second reading of the CORRUPT PRACTICES AT ELECTIONS Bill.-Colonel Sibthorp proposed as an amendment "that the Bill be read a second time that day six months."-Mr. Bankes thought the Bill a great improvement on that which had been withdrawn in order that this might be brought forward; but, considering the lateness of the session, as it could not come into operation immediately, refusing to issue new writs, particularly for Derby and Leicester, was a great hardship to those boroughs, which were in effect disfranchised for the time the writs were withheld.--The amendment was negatived by 216 to 9, and the Bill was then read a second time.

The third reading of the SITES FOR PLACES OF WORSHIP (SCOTLAND) Bill having been proposed, Sir J. Graham very briefly stated his objections to it, and moved it be read that day three months. This amendment was carried by a majority of 98 to 50, and the Bill was consequently thrown out.

July 22. Lord J. Russell moved for leave to bring in a Bill to empower the Lord Lieutenant or other chief governor or governors of IRELAND to apprehend and detain, until the 1st of March, 1849, such persons as he shall suspect of conspiring against her Majesty's Person and Government. Having expressed his deep regret at being compelled to suspend the constitutional liberties of Ireland, he declared that, in his opinion, such a measure was absolutely necessary for the preservation of life and property in Ireland, for the prevention of the effusion of blood, and for the stopping of insurrection. He did not rest his case on any secret information known only to the Government, but on facts patent, notorious, and palpable. He proceeded to trace the history of the Irish confederations down to to the present time, establishing, from the avowed manifestoes published in the Felon and the Nation newspapers, that the fixed determination of these confederates was to abolish entirely the imperial government, to take away from the Queen all authority in Ireland, to annihilate all the rights of property, to hold up the hope of plunder to those who would break their oaths of allegiance and join in rebellion, and to hold up the threat of depriving all those of their

property who would remain fast to their allegiance and refuse to assist in the insurrection. He adduced the accounts obtained from Tipperary, Meath, Louth, Cork, Waterford, and other counties, as evidence of the formidable nature of the organisation of the insurgents; all the information received from all quarters, and all the opinions obtained from various persons, being to the one effect-that, though persons of property and the clergy of all denominations were decidedly against an outbreak, no influence would have any effect in deterring many thousands of the younger men, especially of the farmer class, from joining in the proposed insurrection; in fact, nothing was now wanting but the naming of the day and hour, to be fixed by the leaders, for carrying into effect this fatal revolution.-Mr. Feargus O'Connor declared the only effect of this measure would be to hasten the revolution. -Sir R. Peel was ready to take his part with the Crown against those mock kings of Munster of which they had heard, and against those conspirators who were working to substitute for the mild sway of her Majesty a cruel and sanguinary despotism. He was prepared to consent to the suspension of all the forms of the House in order to the speedy passing of this Bill; and, if additional powers should be required, he trusted the Government would not hesitate a moment in bringing them forward.-Leave was given to bring in the Bill by a majority of 271 to 8. It was then read a first, second, and third time, and passed. It passed the House of Lords on Monday July 24, and received the Royal Assent the next day.

July 24. The INCUMBERED ESTATES (IRELAND) Bill was read a third time and passed, with the addition of a clause to secure the interests of the remainder man, in cases where the property was sold by the tenant for life.-The PUBLIC WORKS (IRELAND) Bill went through committee, and the several clauses were agreed to.

July 26. The WASTE LANDS (IRELAND) Bill was, after some debate, withdrawn.

July 28. Mr. S. Crawford moved "That the present distracted STATE OF IRELAND demanded the instant examination of Par. liament."-Lord J. Russell said that the grievances must be removed gradually by peaceable discussion, not by rebellion.— The debate was adjourned to the next day, when the motion was defeated by a majority of 102 to 26.

The House having gone into committee on the SUGAR DUTIES, the Chancellor of the Exchequer announced his intention to abandon for the present session his proposal relative to refining sugars in bond.

-Mr. Barkly said he regretted the Government had so disappointed the West Indian interest, and deprecated their vacillating conduct, owing to which neither the mercantile nor commercial community could place the least reliance on their declarations or promises.-Lord G. Bentinck was surprised that after seven weeks' discussion the Government could only on the 28th of July think of consulting the Board of Customs on the subject of the revenue relative to the sugar duties, and on their representation discover such obstacles to refining colonial sugar in bond as to induce them to violate their solemn promise.

The House having gone into Committee of Supply, Colonel Anson moved the revised ORDNANCE estimates. They exhibit a reduction of 119,8757. as compared with those presented to the House on the 14th of February. The revised estimates amount to 617,482/.

Aug. 1. On the report of the committee on Mr. O'Connor's NATIONAL LAND COMPANY being brought up, Mr. Hayter said that the committee were of opinion that the scheme was impracticable.

Aug. 2. Sir W. Clay moved the second reading of the REMEDIES AGAINST THE HUNDRED Bill.-Sir G. Grey could not consent to make the hundred liable in every case of disturbance; but he was quite willing to consider whether some better test than felony might not be applied to the offence making the hundred liable. If Sir W. Clay merely wished to obtain an expression of opinion favourable to some change in the law, he would not oppose it; but in that case it must be understood that the bill was not to go into committee.The bill was then read a second time.

Aug. 3. The House having gone into committee on the SUGAR DUTIES Bill, Lord G. Bentinck moved as an amendment in the first schedule that the proposed duty of 15s. 2d. on white clayed sugars be reduced to 14s. 6d. for the present year, and a corresponding change for the other periods; the committee dividing, when the amendment was negatived by a majority of 70, the numbers 29 to 99.The noble lord then moved the restoration of clause 6 of the Act 9 and 10 Vict. c. 63, his object being to protect the refiners of this country from the refined sugar of the continent, and to protect the warehousemen of this country also from the system of warehousing sugar in Antwerp, Amsterdam, and Hamburgh. On a division the clause was rejected by a majority of 78 to 31.-The noble lord moved a further clause, making it lawful for persons engaged in refining sugar in bond for exportation under existing Acts to enter the same for home consumption under certain