16. is it treason for any subject to practise any thing against the crown and dignity of a usurper, who may be king de facto? 370, 371.

17. Is allegiance held to be applicable further than to the political capacity of the king? 371. 18. Do the different rights of natives and aliens correspond with their different degrees of duty?

371.

19. If an alien born purchase lands in England, who is entitled to them? 372.

20. Is the case altered if the property he acquires be personal estate? 372.

21. May an alien trade or work for himself as an artificer in England? 372.

sents are necessary to inake an appropriation? 384, 385.

20. How may an appropriation be severed? 385, 386.

21. What is a vicar, and how is he distinguished from a parson? 388.

22. What four requisites are necessary to a parson or vicar; what is the qualification to be admitted to a benefice by statute 13 & 14 Car II. c. 4; and what if orders, or a license to preach, be obtained by money or corrupt practices? 388, 389.

23. Upon what three accounts may the bishop refuse to institute a clerk to a parsonage or vicar

3. What are a clergyman's exemptions and privileges? 376, 377.

4. What are his disabilities? 377.

5. What are the eight ranks and degrees in the frame and constitution of ecclesiastical polity? 377, 382, 383, 384, 394, 395.

6. By whom is an archbishop or bishop elected: and what are the forms of such elections? 377, 379, 380.

7. What are the power and authority of an archbishop? 380.

8. What is called the archbishop's options? 381.

9. What are the privileges of the Archbishop of Canterbury? 381.

10. What are the power and authority of a bishop? 382.

11. How may archbishoprics and bishoprics become void? 382.

12. What are the offices of dean and chapter? 382.

24. In the case of an action at law, brought by the patron against the bishop for refusing his clerk, what if the cause be of a temporal nature, what if of a spiritual? and what if it be minus sufficiens in literatura? 390.

25. What is required of a vicar, upon insti tution? 390.

26. What is a collation to a benefice? 391. 27. How is the ceremony of induction performed? 391.

28. What is the law as to residence by statute 21 Hen. VIII. c. 12; and what provision is made for rebuilding or repairing parsonage-houses by statute 17 Geo. III. c. 53? 392.

29. By what five means may a parson or vicar cease to be so? 392.

30. Who, by statute 21 Hen. VIII., are entitled to have a dispensation; without which in what case cannot two benefices be held together? 392.

31. What are a commenda retinere and a com

menda recipere? 393.

32. What is a curate? 393.

33. What is a perpetual curacy? 394. 34. What are churchwardens? 394.

35. By whom are they appointed, and what are their powers and duties? 394.

36. How are parish clerks regarded by the common law? 395.

37. By whom is the parish clerk appointed? 395.

CHAP. XII.-Of the Civil State.

1. INTO what three distinct states may the lay part of his majesty's subjects be divided? 396. 2. What does the first of these states include? 396.

3. Of what two classes does it consist? 396. 4. What are the five degrees of nobility now in use? 396.

5. What is the origin of the title of duke? 397.

6. What is the origin of the title of marquess?

7. What is the origin of the title of earl 398. 8. What is the origin of the title of viscount? 398.

9. What is the origin of the title of baron? 398.

10. Is the right of peerage territorial, or personal? 399.

11. How are peers now created; and what are the several advantages of both modes of crea tion? 400.

12 What are the privileges of peers, exclusive of their capacity as members of parliament and as hereditary counsellors of the crown? 401, 402. 13 In what cases has a peeress a right to be tried by peers? 401.

11. How may a peer lose his nobility? 402. 15. Into what eleven degrees are the commonalty divided? 403-407.

16. By whom was the order of the garter instituted? 403.

17. What is a knight banneret; and in what case is he entitled to rank before the younger sons of viscounts? 408.

18. For what purpose was the title of baronet instituted? and for what reason have all baronets & hand gules in a field argent added to their coat? 403.

19. Why are knights of the bath so called?

404.

20. Whence is the origin of a knight bachelor? 404.

21. Who are esquires? 406.

22. Who are gentlemen? 406. 23. Who are yeomen? 406.

24. What are the rest of the commonalty? 407.

CHAP. XIII.-Of the Military and Maritime States.

1. WHAT does the military state include? 408. 2. How do the laws and constitution of this kingdom look upon a soldier? 408.

3. Of what does the military state, by the standing constitutional law, consist? 412.

4. How is the militia of each county raised and officered; and where are they not compellable to march? 412.

5. How are the armies, which are esteemed necessary when the nation is engaged in war, to be looked upon? 413.

6. What is martial law, according to Sir Matthew Hale? 413.

7. If a lieutenant, or other that hath commission of martial authority, doth, in time of peace, execute any man by colour of martial law, what is his crime by magna carta? 413.

8. What does the petition of right moreover enact as to soldiers and martial law? 413.

9. What does one of the articles of the bill of rights say as to standing armies? 413.

10. In what case are standing armies, ipso facto, disbanded at the expiration of every year? 414. 11. What does Baron Montesquieu declare to be necessary to prevent the executive power from being able to oppress by its armies? 414.

12. How are our armies governed? 414, 415. 13. What reform in the mutiny act does the commentator recommend? 415, 416.

14. But in what cases has the humanity of our standing laws put soldiers in a better condition than other subjects? 417.

15. Of what does the maritime state consist? 418.

16. What are called the laws of Oleron? 418. 17. How has the law, from necessity, provided for the supply of the royal navy with seamen? $19.

18. How is it proved that the king has the power of impressing seafaring men for the seaservice? 419, 420.

19. Who are privileged from being impressed at common law? 420.

20. How else has the law provided for the in crease of seamen and manning the royal navy ? 420.

21. How is the navy governed; wherein does that method of government differ from that of the army; and whence is it most probable the difference arose? 420, 421.

22. What are the privileges conferred on sailors? 421.

CHAP. XIV.-Of Master and Servant.

1. WHAT are the three great private economical relations of persons? 422.

2. What is the fourth private economical rela tion consequent upon the failure of the third by the death of one of the parties? 422.

3. Can slavery subsist in England? 423, 424. 4. Can slavery subsist anywhere consistently with reason and the principles of natural law; and why are the three origins of the right of slavery assigned by Justinian built upon false foundations? 423.

5. What is the first sort of servants acknowledged by the laws of England? 425.

6. If the hiring of such servant be general, for what period does the law construe it to be! 425.

7. Who are compellable by two justices to go out to service in husbandry, or certain specific trades, for the promotion of honest industry? 425.

8. What are the second species of servants called? 426.

9. Who are compellable by two justices to take the children of poor persons as apprentices? 426 10. What are the third species of servants, and for what term are they hired? 426.

11. How are they regulated? 427.

12. What is the fourth species of servants, be ing rather in a superior, or ministerial, capacity? 427.

13. What does a person gain by service for a year, or apprenticeship under indentures? 427.

14. What does a person gain by serving seven years as apprentice to a trade? 427.

15. Are apprenticeships requisite for every trade and for trading everywhere? 428.

16. Is an actual apprenticeship to a trade for seven years necessary to entitle a person to exercise that trade? 428.

17. May a master, or master's wife, correct his apprentice or his servant? 428.

18. What if a servant assault his master or his master's wife? 428.

19. What may a master do towards others on behalf of his servant? 429.

20. What does the law call maintenance? 429. 21. What may a servant do towards others on behalf of his master? 429, 430.

22. In what case is the master answerable for the act of the servant? 429, 430.

CHAP. XV.-Of Husband and Wife.

1. WHAT is the second private eronomical res tion of persons? 433.

2. In what light does the law consider mar riage? 133.

8. What is the guardian bound to do when the ward comes of age? 463.

9. Under whose control are guardians? 463. 10. What are the different ages at which male and female are competent to different purposes? 463.

11. On what day is the full age of male and female completed? 463.

12. How can an infant be sued? 464. 13. How can he sue? 464.

14. At what age may an infant be capitally punished? 464.

15. What if an infant neglect to demand his right? 465.

16. What estates may an infant aliene? 465. 17. What legal act may an infant do? 465. 18. How may an infant purchase lands? 466. 19. What deed can an infant make which is not afterwards voidable? 466.

20. How may an infant bind himself by contract? 466.

CHAP. XVIII.-Of Corporations.

1. WHAT are bodies politic, bodies corporate, or corporations; and for what purpose are they constituted? 467.

2. What is the first division of corporations? 469.

3. How are these incorporations again divided? 470.

4. Of what two sorts are lay corporations? 470.

5. What is absolutely necessary to the erection of a corporation? 472.

6. In what sort of corporations is the king's implied consent to be found? 472.

7. What are the two methods by which the king's consent is given? 473.

8. What is necessary to the very being of a corporation? 475.

9. What are the five powers incident to all corporations? 475, 476.

10. What are those privileges and disabilities that attend aggregate corporations and are not applicable to such as are sole? 476, 477.

11. May either kind of corporation take goods and chattels for the benefit of themselves and their successors? 477.

12. Who have the right to give laws to socie siastical and eleemosynary foundations? 477.

13. What acts can aggregate corporations, that have by their constitution a head, do during the vacancy of the headship? 478.

14. In aggregate corporations what determinee the act of the whole body; and what is enacted by statute 33 Hen. VIII. c. 27 as to any private statutes made by founders of corporations in derogation of the common law in this particular? 478.

15. How do the statutes of mortmain effect corporations? 479.

16. What is the general duty of corporations ↑ 480.

17. How is this duty enforced? 480. 18. Who is the visitor of ecclesiastical corporations? 480.

19. Who is the visitor of lay corporations? 480.

20. What does the law mean by the distinction of fundatio incipiens and fundatio perficiens; and why is the king the visitor of all lay civil corporations, and the endower the visitor of all lay eleemosynary ones? 481.

21. Where shall the king exercise this his jurisdiction? 481.

22. May there not be another visitor of lay eleemosynary corporations than the founder? 482

23. What has been long held as to the visitation of hospitals, spiritual and lay; what does the statute 14 Eliz. c. 5 direct on the subject; and by whom are all the hospitals founded by the statute 39 Eliz. c. 5 to be visited? 482.

24. Are colleges lay or ecclesiastical corpora tions? 483.

25. To whom do the lands and tenements of s corporation revert upon its dissolution? 484. 26. What becomes of the corporation's debts upon its dissolution? 484.

27. By what four methods may a corporation be dissolved? 485.

28. What is an information in nature of a writ of quo warranto; and when may it be brought ! 485.

29. What is enacted as to the franchises of the city of London? 485.

30. What is provided against the dissolution of corporations? 485.

J. WHAT do the writers on natural law style those rights which a man may acquire in and to such external things as are unconnected with his person? 1.

2. In what has all dominion over external things its original? 2.

3. In those times when all things were in common among men, what first gave to one man a transient property in the use of a thing? 3.

4. What circumstances must soon have pointed out the necessity of appropriating to individuals not the immediate use only, but the substance, of the thing to be used; and how must that property have been originally acquired? 4-9.

5. What was the origin of conveyances, wills, heirships, and escheats? 9-13.

6. But are there not some few things which are capable only of a transient usufructory property, and which must therefore still remain in common? 14.

7. And are there not other things in which a permanent property may subsist, and which yet would be frequently found without a proprietor had not the law provided a remedy for this in convenience? 14, 15.

CHAP. II.-Of Real Property; and, first, of Corporeal Hereditaments.

1. WHAT are the objects of dominion or pro perty, as contradistinguished from what? 16. 2. Into what two kinds are things, by the law of England, distributed? 16.

3. What is the commentator's definition of the first kind of things? 16.