Ida a nymph, mother of Nisus.- -185. Dira, strong, wild; a poetic use of the word, like detrós.187. Mihi; the remote object of agitat; the infinitive being the direct object; literally, "my mind urges upon me the adventuring," etc.; my mind impels me to venture upon fight, etc.—194. Si, etc., if they (the fathers) promise (shal presently promise) the things which I demand for thee. I will demand that some recompense for my undertaking shall be bestowed on thee, content myself with the glory, whether I come back or perish.-195. Tumulo sub illo, under the rising ground yonder.205. Hic for meus; this is a spirit which despises life. Est is repeated for emphasis: yes, it is.". -205, 206. Et qui credat, and (a spirit) such as believes.- -210. Quae multa, many of which accidents, or which things; referring to casus.- -214. Solita fortuna; wonted fortune; fortune apt or wont to disappoint our hopes. Our reading is that of Wagner and Ribbeck, who construe the foregoing humo in the dative. Others join solita with humo as an ablative. 218. Moenia Acestae. See V, 715, sqq.-223. Regem, the prince; Ascanius. Comp. reginae, VI, 28.- -232. Fore; dependent on dicentes, implied in orant.-237. Locum insidiis conspeximus, we have seen a place for our stealthy journey. Thiel joins the dative with the verb; Conington with locum.- -238. In bivio portae, in the double road of the gate, or diverging from the gate. From the gate nearest the sea there was one route towards the south, occupied by the enemy; another passed along in the rear of their camp, and led towards Pallanteum. -241. Quaesitum, in order to seek. The supine is governed by uti or the phrase fortuna uti. The active supine does not always depend on verbs of motion. See H. 546, 1; B. 326, a; M. 411, obs. 1.- -243. Adfore. Wagner and others supply nos, Ladewig, however, prefers to make Aenean the subject.255. Integer aevi. Comp. II, 638. 268. Praedae dicere sortem, to appoint the division of the spoil. -273. Omnibus. This probably is meant to refer only to captivos. If matrum is also included, arma must be taken in a general sense for instruments of labor.-274. Campi quod, whatever of land.- -281, 282. Mo dissimilem cadat, no day (or time) shall have proved me unequal to such daring exploits, provided only the (present) hopeful fortune do not end adversely. -288. In is to be joined with salutatam; unsaluted.- -291. Tui. The final vowel is unelided here.-294. Patriae pietatis, of his love for his father. His own filial affection made him feel more deeply that of Euryalus.296. Sponde, promise (to thyself); be assured of things worthy, etc. The reading spondeo is not so well authorized.305. Habilem, fitted for use; well formed. Others refer the word here to fitness for the sheath.-309. Iuvenumque senumque, both young and old; in apposition with primorum.

814-866. Nisus and Euryalus penetrate into the quarters of the enemy, and slay many of them while buried in slumber.

316, 316. Multis-exitio, (destined to perish,) yet about to bring destruction (to be for destruction) to many, before (they perished). I have supposed an ellipsis of morituri, which the context seems naturally to suggest. 829. Iuxta, near by Rhamnes.337. Membra a Greek accusative limiting victus. Deo Bacchus or wine.-343. In medio, in the midst; just as they lay directly in his path.- -348. Multa morte recepit, drew it back from the deep, deadly wound; from the large wound which was certain death; or, as sometimes interpreted, with much or streaming blood; see 458. Ladewig says, "with certain death;" an abl. of manner.- -361. Iungeret. Supply eum; i. e., Remulum.-362. Nepoti. See on XI, 717.-363. Post mortem. After the death of the grandson, the Rutulians obtained it in war and battle. -365. Habilem, See on 305.

867-449. Nisus and Euryalus leave the camp of the enemy, and are proceeding on their journey, when the helmet of Euryalus, gleaming in the obscurity of the night,

attracts the attention of a hostile party of horsemen, who are just approaching the camp. The youths flee to the woods. Nisus, having already escaped, misses his friend, and returning finds him surrounded by the pursuers. He kills two of the enemy with javelins hurled from his place of concealment, and thereupon the commander, Volscens, lifts his sword to slay Euryalus. Nisus rushes into the midst, but too late to save his friend, whose death, however, he revenges by slaying Volscens, and then falls, pierced with many wounds.

-388. Al

368. Cetera legio, the rest of the army; that is, the whole body of the heavy infantry of King Latinus, which had remained in the rear, near Laurentum, and to carry news from which the three hundred horsemen under Volscens had been despatched during the day to Turnus. So much must be inferred, though not narrated.-369. Regi-ferebant, they were bearing a reply (from ' the commander of the infantry, legio) to Turnus the king. Regi is preferred here by the best commentators to regis.—372. Flectentis. Supply se.374. Immemorem, unmindful; not considering that his helmet would thus betray them.- -377. Nihil contra, they made no attempt to reply.- -386. Imprudens, unconscious; not noticing the absence of Euryalus.bani; some part of the wood, called Ly Cicero, pro Mil. 81, 85, and Livy, V, 15, the Alban forest.-393. Silentibus. He is at first distant from the enemy, where the woods are still; but in the next verse he comes nearer; hence, audit.407. Si-auri, if I myself have increased (or added) any (offerings) in the chase.412. Aversi, turned away; looking away from Nisus.- 427. Some supply interficite with me.- 433. Leto; in the dative for in letum, according to Wagner. Thiel prefers to construe it in the ablative.- -449. Pater Romanus, the Roman citizen. Others understand the emperor Augustus and his successors.

450-502. The Rutulian horsemen bear the heads of Nisus and Euryalus with the body of Volscens to their camp, which they find agitated on account of the newlydiscovered slaughter of Rhamnes, Serranus, Numa, and others. At dawn the enemy display the heads of Nisus and Euryalus to the Trojans on the walls. Their grief, and the lamentations of the mother of Euryalus, are described.

458. Phaleras, the trappings which had been seized by Euryalus. Seo above, 359.- 459. Spargebat. See IV, 584.- -464. Rumoribus, with reports; news of the last night's bloody work.- -471. Maesti, gloomy; because of the threatened attack, and the absence of Aeneas.- 477. Femineo retains its final vowel here.- 480. Dehino; one syllable. -481. Hunc te aspicio, do I see thee thus the full expression would be hic tu es, quem aspicio? Tune ille? etc., couldst thou, that one, (who wast) the last hope of my old age?485. Date; vocative, agreeing with Euryale understood. Ribbeck gives data from MSS.- 486. Tua funera, (even) thy corpse; thy body laid out for burial. 491. Funus lacerum, thy mutilated body. Hoo refers to the ghastly head which she sees raised by the Rutuli on the point of a spear. -492. Hoo, for this; for such an end as this; ablat. But, perhaps better, the accusative, referring, as in 491, to caput. Šo Heyne.- 499. Infractae, broken, nerveless.

503-568. The Rutulians commence the assault on the camp. Invocation to the Muses. Many Trojans perish in the burning and fall of a tower, and Helenor and Lycus, who had alone escaped from it, are slain.

505. Testudine. See on II, 441.-518. Caeco marte, in the blind or uncertain warfare; in which, being under the testudo, they can neither see nor be seen. Comp. II, 335.- 525. Vos. The plural has respect to all the Muses, though only Calliope is designated. Comp. vestras, I, 140.528. Ingentis oras belli, the (whole) wide field of the war; the war in all its parts and aspects. -530. Vasto suspectu, of great elevation. Comp. sus

pectus, VI, 579. Pontibus footways of plank leading from the tower back to the wall, in front of which it stood.543. Pectora acc. limiting transfossi.- -546. Maeonio regi, to a Lydian prince.-547. Vetitis probably to be understood of the prohibition of the father, against whose will Licym

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nia had secretly sent Helenor to Troy.

-548. Inglorius, without device; distinguished by no device on his white (unadorned) buckler; or, perhaps, simply undistinguished.-558. Tecta; the battlemented top of the wall. -564. Iovis armiger. Comp. V, 255.566. Martius lupus. The wolf was sacred to Mars.

569-671. While the combat is raging, Numanus, a young Latin prince, and brother-inlaw of Turnus, approaches the wall and taunts the Trojans with cowardice. Ascanius from the battlements hears the boaster, and, greatly incensed, for the first time aims his arrow at an enemy, first invoking the aid of Jupiter. His arrow pierces the temples of Numanus. But through apprehension for the safety of Ascanius, Apollo descends, and in the guise of an old man warns him to abstain from further daring. The Trojans, recognizing the god as he vanishes, withdraw Ascanius from the ramparts.

572. Hic, Liger; hic, Asylas. Longe fallente, slaying from far; more fully expressed, hitting from far its unsuspecting victim. Comp. X, 754.- -575. Proj equivalent here to in; standing on the tops of the towers, or on the top of a tower; perhaps with the notion of defense involved; though pro is often used in the sense of "on" or "upon," or "on the front part" of some elevated place, without any notion of defense. See Tacit. H. 8, 81: pro muris; pro gradibus; Sall. J. 67, 1: pro tectis.- -580. Spiramenta animae, the passages of the breath; the lungs. -581. Arcentis a prince of eastern Sicily 586. Positis, being laid aside. 689. Multa harena, on the spacious sand; i. e., the space of sand over which his prostrate body extends, at the foot of the rampart from which he has fallen. This is probably the sense. Heyne, however, supposed the floor of the rampart itself to be meant.- -596. Novo regno, with his new royalty, or royal alliance by marriage.602. Fandi fictor, inventor of dissembling speech.603. A stirpe, by nature; join with durum; inheriting hardiness from their parent-stock. Genus; in apposition with nos. Primum, at the first; as soon as born. 609. Omne-ferro, our whole life is spent with the spearSee illustration, page 9.618. Dindyma; the plural of Dindymus, a mountain in Phrygia. Biforem cantum, its twofold, or double-toned music; referring to the two pipes, one of a lower pitch than the other, both inserted into the lips and played at once, or both united at the end in one mouthpiece. Others understand it of a single pipe with two finger-holes or stops.

Calliope.

-616.

-619. Buxus, the boxwood; synonymous here with tibia.- -629. Qui subject of both verbs. The verse is quoted from E. III, 87.- -632. Adduota sagitta, the drawn (or swift) arrow; the arrow drawn back on the strained bow-string.- -643. Gente-resident. It is right that all wars destined to come should terminate under the race of Assaracus; i. e., under Augustus.- -644. Nec te Troia capit. Nor does a realm so limited as this new Troy confine thee. Thou hast a spirit for wider dominion.- -647. Dardanio Anchisae. Comp. I, 617.656. Cetera, as for the rest; accusative; as in III, 594. Parce bello, forbear the war; cease from the fight. Comp. I, 257.661. Avidum, though desirous of, eager for.668. Pluvialibus Haedis, with, in the (season of the) rainy Kids; ablative of time. The Kids are two stars in the arm of Auriga, the rising of which in September was attended with heavy rains.-670. Iuppiter; the god who regulates the seasons and the weather.

672-716. Pandarns and Bitias, youths of gigantic stature, sons of Alcanor and the mountain nymph laera, throw open one of the gates, and provoke the Rutulians to assail them. A bloody encounter follows, and Bitias is slain.

677. Pro turribus, before the towers; in front of the towers that flanked the gates. So Wagner. But Heyne understands as or like towers.-697. Thebana not of Thebes in Boeotia, but of Thebes in Cilicia, the native place also of Andromache.- -698. Cornus; the shaft of the spear, made of cornel-wood.-705. Phalarica; a heavy, spear-like missile, usually discharged by a machine. See "Dict. of Antiq." Nothing but such an instrument could have slain Bitias, and none of the enemy but Turnus could have hurled it. Duo terga; i. e., a shield formed of two hides.-707. Squama et auro hendiadys for aurea squama. The corselet was fortified with double or thick scales, or plates, of gold. Join the ablatives with fidelis, as ablatives of cause.- 710. The Romans erected many palatial buildings at Baiac, the foundations of which often extended into the sea. The fall of Bitias is compared to masses of rock thrown into the sea for such foundations.-715. Cubile; in apposition with Inarime.—716. Jupiter is here supposed to have cast this island upon the giant Typhoeus. Comp. III, 578, sqq., and note.

717-818. Mars now inspires the enemy with fresh courage, and unnerves the Trojans. Pandarus closes the gate, and in doing this shuts in Turnus, whom he at once assails, incited by his brother's death. Pandarus is slain, and Turnus then attacks the daunted Trojans. He is soon surrounded, but finally saves himself by plunging from the battlements into the Tiber, whence he hastens to join his countrymen.

718. Stimulos. Comp. VI, 101.720. Conveniunt. Supply Rutuli. 729. Ultro. Turnus under any other circumstances could have effected an entrance only by force; but now he is admitted by Pandarus without resistance, and, as it were, spontaneously (ultro).- -736. Emicat, darts forward.- -748. Is, such; equivalent to talis; not such (as thou) is the sender of the weapon and the wound.—763. Excipit, overtakes, catches. Raptas, captured; taken from those already slain.- -765. Comitem, a companion i. e., to the others whom he has just killed.- -766. Ignaros, etc. This and the following line refer to Trojan combatants on the wall, who are intent on the conflict outside, and are ignorant that Turnus is inclosed within the walls. Some of these Turnus, springing upon the wall, strikes down while their backs are turned towards him.-767. Noemonaque. The final e is lengthened here. -768-770. Lyncea-occupat. While Turnus, on the embankment behind the battlements, was slaying those mentioned in verse 767, Lynceus thought to advance upon him from behind, and take him at a disadvantage; but Turnus, from the rampart on the right (dexter), antici

pates (occupat) the attack, and, with a blow of his descending sword, severs the head of Lynceus from his body. Dexter in my former note was rendered skillful, but I now adopt the interpretation of Ruaeus and others in preference.776. Numeros intendere nervis; a poetic transposition for ad numeros intendere nervos; to tune the strings to numbers.- -781. Deinde, still, farther.-787. Segnes, cowards; acc. agreeing with vos.803. Sufficere, to afford, or supply; as II, 618.- -804. Germanae; Juno. See I, 47, and XII, 830.806. Subsistere, to withstand. Tantum, so much; so much as would be necessary to maintain the fight. Comp. V, 21.- -813, 814. Piceum flumen agit, urges along a pitchy stream, the sweat breaking out from his face and body flows mingled with blood and dust, and looks black, like pitch. 816. Ille refers to fluvius; the Tiber.