lectae) by Aeneas from the whole fleet. Gravibus remis is usually joined with pares; but perhaps it would be more natural to make it an ablat. of manner after ineunt certamina; four well-matched ships-open the first contests with heavy oars. Comp. 66, where the genitive of specification takes the place of the ablative here.-116. Remige; join with agit. Pristim. The name is indicated by the image used as the figure-head. Mox Italus, etc. He is destined soon to become an Italian, and to give ori

-117.

Rostrum.

gin to a family which shall be called the race of Memmius (gens Memmi). The relation of names is analogous to that of μeuñobai to meminisse. As Mnestheus is descended from Assaracus, Vergil pays a high compliment to -118. Ingenti the Memmii by assigning to the family such an ancestor. mole; ablat. of descript.119. Urbis opus; for urbis instar, as great as a city. So Stat. Theb. VI, 86: montis opus. Triplici versu, in triple row. There are three banks of oars on each side of the ship. Such vessels, however, were unknown before the time of the Peloponnesian war.120. Terno ordine, in three ranks; a poetic repetition of the idea.127. Tranquillo, ablat. absol. with caelo or mari understood; when the weather is -128. calm; or, taken substantively, in calm weather, as an abl. of time.Campus and statio are in apposition with illa; a plain and a resort.-130, 131. Unde, ubi, scirent; relative clauses denoting purpose; that they might know from thence to come back, and there to fetch round their long courses. If the adverbs were interrogative, we should require ut before scirent, and the subjunctive instead of the infinitive.-132. Auro, ostro join with decori.134. Populea. The poplar was sacred to Hercules, the god of toil, and so was worn as a wreath by those who were about to engage in severe labor, such as that of rowing. Thus Horace, O. 1, 7, 23, makes Teucer put on a poplar wreath, when on the point of resuming his voyage. Others understand the poplar wreath to have reference to the funeral character of the games.137. Intenti, eager.-137, 138. Exsultantia-cupido, throbbing fear (the trembling hope of success) and the ardent desire of glory thrill their panting breasts.140. Prosiluere, etc. The ships seem as ani-141. Versa is taken by Forbiger mated as the horses in the chariot-race.from verro, to sweep; but the usual rendering, upturned, from vertere, is stronger. Adductis lacertis; the means of versa; thrown up by their straining arms.- 142. Pariter, side by side; but only at the start.puere campum, take the course. The perfect here, and in 147, are examples of this tense, used to denote what is customary. Effusi carcere, darting

-145. Corri

forth from the barrier. The carceres are the stalls in which the chariots are confined until the signal is given for starting, and corresponding here to the fines, stations, or starting-places of the ships, 189.- -146. Immissis, swiftly running; literally, "being let go."- -147. Iugis, for equis; dative. In verbera, unto blows; i. e., to ply the lash; join with pendent. Charioteers stood up and leaned over towards the horses.-149, 150. Inclusa litora. Wooded hills inclose the shore, and thus the shouting is the more loudly re-echoed.152. Turbam-fremitumque, amidst the din and tumult. -155. Locum priorem. They are running side by side, each striving to gain the lead, or the place ahead. Iunotis frontibus, with even prows.

-156. Habet, gets the priorem locum. Metam tenebant, were nearing the goal; epexegetical. -160. Princeps, foremost; i. e., in the race thus far. Gurgite, in the boiling deep.—182. Quo abis? whither are you bearing away? Mihi is the dativus ethicus.- 163. Ama, etc., hug the shore and let the oar-blade graze the rocks on the left. For the omission of ut after sine, see on memoret, II, 75. They turn the goal to the left, and strive to gain time by making the turn as near to it as possible.- -166. Diversus,

away from the track; a usage similar to that of dexter, above.-167. Clamore revocabat clamabat revocans; and we may translate: shouted Gyas, calling (him) back (to the course).- -168. Respicit, he looks back and sees. Tergo; dat. Propiora, the inside course; nearer the goal.—170. Interior between Gyas and the rocks. Comp. XI, 695. Priorem; i. e., Gyas.

-172. Ossibus; ablat. of place; or, with Forbiger, dat.- -179. Iam senior one reason for gravis, another is fluens, dripping.. -184. Mnesthei here a dissyllable.- -184. Superare. See on II, 10.- -185. Capit ante locum, takes the place ahead; "the lead"; the priorem locum, for which the two were contending, as mentioned in line 155. The Centaur is now ahead, but by only a part of the ship's length, as we learn in the next line; in which prior must contain the same idea as ante locum. Thiel thus takes ante as an adverb before locum. Comp. II, 348. Scopulo; as in 159, the signal rock or goal.-187. Rostro, with her beak. Her beak is close opposite to the side of the Centaur.190. Hectorei socii; i. e., my comrades, once the comrades of Hector. Sorte suprema, in the final destiny or overthrow (of Troy).192. Usi (estis).194. Prima; used substantively; Tà #pureia; the first prize. 195. Quamquam. See on I, 135.-196. Hoc vincite, win this; thus far conquer; referring to the preceding words, pudeat extremos rediisse.

-199. Subtrahitur solum, the sea is drawn beneath them. Their speed is so furious that the water itself seems to rush beneath the vessel.- -199, 200, Tum-rivis. From the II., XVI, 109, 110.-202. Furens animi. See on II, 61.203. Iniquo. There was not room enough between the Pristis on his right and the rocks on his left.-204. Procurrentibus, jutting out, but covered by the water, and hence caeca, as they are called in 164.205. Murice, etc., the oars striking (having struggled) on the jagged rock were broken with a crash (crepuere).- -206. The prow was held fast upon the rock; the rest of the ship was afloat.-211. Agmine remorum, with the steady movement of the oars. Ventisque vocatis abl. abs.-212. Prona maria, favorable or smooth waters; that is, the waters now unobstructed by any rock or ship in the way; a clear and open sea. Pronus and apertus seem to have been often combined thus. See Tacit. Agr. 1 and 83.215, 216. Exterrita tecto, frightened from her home. -218, 219. Ultima aequora, the last waters of the race; those from the turning of the goal to the shore.. -220. Alto, high relatively; high for a ship to rest upon.224. Cedit, she falls behind; allows the other ship to pass her.- -227. Cuncti; all the spectators. Sequentem. Supply Mnesthea or illum.229. Proprium. The crew of the Scylla regard the victory as already their own. Partum, (already) won.—— -231. Hos-alit, success incites these; i. e., the crew of

Mnestheus. Comp. 210. Possunt videntur, they can, because they think (videntur) they can. -233. Ponto, to (or towards) the sea; for ad pontum. Comp. I, 6. Utrasque. The plural is properly used only when each of the two objects referred to is plural; but exception is made, as here, when they are things naturally associated.- -234. In vota, to his vows; to bear witness to his vows. A vow, or conditional promise, was attached to a prayer; some offering was to be made on condition that the gods should fulfill the wishes of the suppliant. If the prayer is answered, he will be bound to fulfill his promise; defendant of his vow, bound by his vow, reus, or damnatus voti.- -235. Aequora. See on I, 67.- 237. Voti. H. 410, III, note 2; A. 220, a; B. 236; G. 204, R.; M. 290, d. -238. Porriciam; a term used especially in religious formulas.- -241. Manu magna, with his great hand; as below, 487. Gods and heroes were larger than men. Euntem; join with navem understood.- -243. Fugit, condidit. This combination of the historical present with the perfect, without any important difference of meaning, is not unfrequent in poetry. Alto, i. e., deep inland, or in the deep bosom of the bay receding.244. Cunctis; all, that is, who had been engaged in the contest. -247, 248. Optare, ferre. See on I, 66. There are several bullocks ready for presents and prizes (see 366), three of which he allows each of the commanders to choose for his crew; beginning, of course, with Cloanthus.- -248. There is also a present of wine and of silver for each of the ships. Magnum; not the so-called great talent; but merely an appellative: heavy.— 250, 251. Quam cucurrit; freely translated," around which ran a wide border of Meliboean purple in two waving stripes." Plurima refers to the width of the border. Maeandro duplici, in a double maze; in two meandering and parallel lines. See the chlamys of the Amazon, page 186.

Melicertes, or Portunus.

-252. Two scenes are represented; one the chase, in which Ganymede is hunting the stag on Mount Ida; in the other the eagle of Jupiter is bearing Ganymede up to the sky.-254. Anhelanti similis, like one panting in the chase. The picture is life-like.-255. Iovis armiger. The eagle was often represented as bearing in his claws the thunderbolts of Jupiter. 256. Longaevi. The old men, guardians of the youth, are stretching their hands in despair towards the eagle as he ascends, while the dogs, resting on their haunches, bark furiously at the supposed bird of prey. 257. In auras; because they are looking upwards.- -258. Qui deinde Mnestheus. 259. Hamis consertam, etc. See on the same words, III, 467.

-260. Ipse Aeneas.- -261. The o in Ilio is retained, and made short. See on III, 211.262. Habere; for habendam. Viro; in apposition with huic.264. Multiplicem, with its heavy folds; emphatic and explaining vix. -265. Cursu, in swift pursuit; join with agebat.267, Argento; the material, abl. after perfecta, well made. Aspera signis; embossed with figures.

-269. Taeniis; scanned here as a dissyllable.-271. Ordine debilis uno literally, disabled in respect to one row. But nearly all the best commentators take ordine here for latere; in respect to one side of the ship. By a natural figure, quite frequent in nautical phrase, the captain, instead of the ship, is said to be crippled (debilis). Thus seamen say, he has lost his topsail," "he is taking in sail," and the like.-273. Qualis. Comp. I, 430.

and note. Saepe; as in I, 148. Viae in aggere; on the raised pavement of the road. The entire surface of the road is an agger.-274. Obliquam, lying across the track. Ictu; join with gravis. 275. Saxo; join with both adjectives, seminecem and lacerum.-276-279. Nequiquam-plicantem, in vain throws forth long wreaths with his body, while attempting to flee; in one part fierce and glowing with his eyes, and stretching high his hissing

Ganymede and the eagle. (From a statue by Leochares.)

neck; (the other) part crippled by the wound, holds him back (though) strug gling (to force himself forward) on his coils (nodis), and winding himself into his own folds.-279. Nixantem refers to the action of the unwounded portion of his body first described; with this he vainly struggles to pull himself along by throwing it into contortions, while he twists the joints (membra) of the wounded part, or part below the wound, into themselves; i. e., into coil within coil. Nerantem, adopted in many editions for nixantem, has inferior MS. authority. Nixantem is used by Lucretius, 6, 836, 3, 1000, with

the same meaning (to struggle), and is needed here to complete the picture. Nodis, knots, curving joints, denotes the alternate contraction and extension of the joints, either vertical or horizontal, which in the snake are the means of motion, and which, in this case, when he is struggling violently, rise into large undulating knots.-281. Vela facit, unfurls the sails; for dat, or pandit vela.-282. Promisso munere. No particular reward has been mentioned in the narrative, but we may infer from 305 that in the ship race, also, none was to go unrewarded.-284. Datur lengthens the last syllable here. Operum Minervae; the use of the needle, distaff, and loom. -285. Genus; Greek acc.

286-861. Description of the foot-race. Aeneas chooses a meadow, encircled by wooded hills, as a circus, or stadium. He invites all who wish to make trial of their speed in a foot-race to present themselves. The most prominent competitors are Nisus, Euryalus, Diores, Salius, Patron, Helymus, and Panopes. Nisus takes the lead, Salius is next, and third Euryalus, followed by Helymus and Diores. Near the goal Nisus falls down, but gives the victory to his friend Euryalus by tripping up Salius. Helymus takes the second prize, and Diores the third. The idea of the footrace is suggested by IL. XXIII, 740–797.

-312.

287, 288. Quem-silvae, which woods surrounded on all sides with curving hills; which wood-covered hills encircled. Ruaeus makes the abl. elliptical, denoting place: (situated) on winding hills; others, abl. of instrument.- -288. In valle theatri; in the midst of a valley which resembled a theatre; the same as cavea, 340. Most commentators, however, join theatri with circus. -290. Consessu; dative for in consessum. -291. Qui. The antecedent is eorum understood.- -296. Nisus-pueri, Nisus (distinguished) for his affectionate love for the boy (Euryalus).- -299. Ab. See on I, 780. 300. Helymus was a friend of Acestes, mentioned above, 78.-307. Caelatam, mounted, or embossed, with silver; probably having a wooden handle embossed, or inlaid, with figures in silver. Ferre; for ferrendam, as in 248, 262.- -308. Praemia, prizes; to be distinguished here from honos, the present which was to be common to all.- -310. Phaleris insignem, adorned with trappings. These were straps of leather mounted with metallic ornaments, and fastened about the breast, neck, and head of the horse.--311, 312. Amazoniam, Threiciis; general appellatives here, signifying such as Amazons and Thracians use; for both races were renowned as archers.Lato auro; abl. of description; of broad gold; that is, broad and gilded. Circumplectitur. The belt, as seen in some antique representations of the quiver, passes round the quiver, and the two ends are joined together by the buckle, or brooch. See page 27.313. Tereti gemma, of, or with, tapering jewel; a jeweled clasp. The ablative as auro, above.cum; the place for starting. Comp. 182.- -316. Corripiunt spatia, they rush upon the course; "take the track." Comp. 145, and I, 418. Limen, the starting-point.- -317. Ultima signant, they mark the farthest point; that is, with the eye; for without fixing the eye on the goal, they may turn from a direct line.- -318. Corpora; nicely chosen here for the persons themselves. -319. Fulminis alis. The thunderbolt was often represented on coins, with wings.-Heyne.-321. Deinde is joined with insequitur understood; post with relicto, governing eum understood.-323. Quo sub ipso, close behind whom. Ipse here, as in III, 5, implies directly, immediately.- -324. Calcem-calce, and even now rubs heel with heel; i. e., foot with foot; almost abreast of Helymus, lacking only a pace of it.- -325. Umero; dat. towards his shoulder; i. e., the shoulder or side of Helymus. So Ruaeus and Heyne. The passage is suggested by II. XXIII, 764. Spa i plura; for plus spatii. Supersint relinquat."The poets sometimes use the pres. subj. even instead of the plup." M. 347, b, obs. 3.-326. Ambiguum Heyne regards as masculine, translating, would have left him (Helymus) uncertain (of the victory);

-315. Lo