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ing under subjection all the other cities and nations that were still maintaining a hostile attitude toward Rome.

These were especially the

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Arabians, the Indi (here Gangarides), the Parthians, the Armenians, and the disaffected cities of Asia Minor (Urbes Asiae); and also, in the west, the Britanni and Cantabri. Horace, in several of the odes written

a little later, echoes the popular expectation; and Vergil, even now, is so sure of the coming victories, that he does not hesitate to include them in the relief sculpture of gold and ivory to be placed on the doors (in foribus) of his imaginary temple. See Hor. O. I, 21, 15; 29, 1, sq.; 35, 39, sq.; II, 6, 2; et al. As in the reliefs described in the Aeneid, VI, 20, sqq., in the work on the shield of Aeneas, Ae. VIII, 626, sqq., and in the paintings, Ae. I, 466, sqq., so here, the poet has in mind a definite artistic design, with subjects appropriately assigned to different panels. The following illustrations, from bronze and silver coins of Augustus, commemorate some of the victories actually achieved, probably after the words of Vergil were written. The Parthians signified their submission by returning the standards of the army of Crassus, and thus avoided a war; and the Indi sent envoys to sue for peace, as represented with their olive-branches on one of the coins.26, 27. A battle-scene in which the forces of the Indi (Gangaridum) are supposed to be conquered by the Roman troops of Augustus (Quirini).—27. Quirini. This is the designation of Augustus on one of the coins, page 54.

-28. Magnum; after fluentem; flowing vast, or with its mighty stream. -29. Navali aere; join with surgentis, which is here a poetic substitute for factas. From the bronze that was stripped from the prows of captured ships, columns shall be erected, adorned with the beaks of ships (columna rostrata). See cut of coins, page 54.- -30. Urbes Asiae. The cities and kingdoms of Asia Minor in general had been allied with Pompey against Caesar, and were now on the side of Antony and Cleopatra. Niphaten; for Armenia or the Armenians. Comp. the use of Euphrates, Ge. I, 509, and of Histro, Ge. II, 497. 31. Versis sagittis. The Parthian horseman, while fleeing, shot his arrows back upon his pursuers, like an American prairie Indian of the earlier days.32. Manu, by his (own) hand. Augustus received credit for the victories over Brutus and Cassius at Philippi (B. c. 42), and over Sextus Pompeius in Sicily (B. c. 36), and was honored with an ovation for each. See Sueton. Octavianus XXII. The duo tropaea may have reference to these victories. For the form of a trophy, see the coin below, inscribed Armenia Capta; also notes on Ae. page 180. Diverso ex hoste = diversis hostibus. The allies of Brutus and Cassius were chiefly from the East; the adherents of Sextus Pompeius, from Italy, Gaul, Spain, and Africa.33. Bis triumphatas, etc. The nations on either shore-i. e., the nations of the East and the West-will have afforded to Augustus two triumphs each, or two triumphs over the East and two over the West; namely, the two victories above mentioned, followed by ovations, included here in the term

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Coins of Augustus.

ARMENIA

CAPTA

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triumphatas, and the two triumphs now anticipated, one over Cleopatra and all her Eastern allies, and the other over the Britons and Cantabri in the remotest West, soon to be conquered. Utroque ab litore join with gentis. The poet probably has in mind the shore of the Atlantic on the west, and of the Marc Rubrum or Indian Ocean on the east; though some refer the

words to the eastern and western extremities of the Mediterranean.34, 35. Statues of the greatest of the offspring of Assaracus, descended through Dardanus from Jupiter, such as Tros, Capys, Anchises, Aeneas, Ascanius, and Julius Caesar, shall be placed in the temple, and in some conspicuous place the statue of Apollo.- -36. Auctor. Apollo was associated with Neptune in building the walls of Troy. See on Ge. I, 502.37. Invidia refers to the hostile spirit still smoldering among the surviving adherents of the Pompeian and the old Senatorial party, and occasionally manifesting itself against Augustus. One or more paintings or, perhaps, bas-relief's on the walls of the temple will represent such opponents suffering the tortures of Tartarus. Comp. Ae. VI, 570, sq., and 601, sqq.; VIII, 668, sqq.38. Anguis. If the reading is correct (some texts give orbis), Vergil must have in mind a story, referred to by no other extant writer, representing Ixion bound to the wheel by serpents instead of cords.-39. Saxum; an allusion to Sisyphus, a robber of Attica slain by Theseus, and doomed in Tartarus to repeat forever the labor of rolling a huge stone to the top of a hill, from which it immediately descends again.- 41. Intactos. Woodland glades and pastures, with their flocks and herds, have been unsung hitherto by Roman poets. Iussa, command, or task, in apposition with the foregoing accusatives. 42. En age; come, now! lo, now an expression of self-incitement, like "awake, my Muse!" etc. So Voss and Ladewig. Some, I think, less correctly, understand the words as a call to Maecenas himself.

-43-45. The poet, roused by his theme, seems to hear the shouting of the herdsmen, and the lowing of the cattle of Cithaeron; Taygetus re-echoing with the noise of hounds, and Argive Epidaurus with the neighing of horses. 46. Mox; that is, when the present work, requested by Maecenas, shall have been completed. See end of introductory note.

49-71. In raising horses and cattle, the selection of mares and cows (matrum) for breeding is the first thing; and we must attend to the marks by which the best can be known; and also to the means by which we are to make good the loss of old animals, or to keep up the stock (sufficere prolem).

Cattle. From a wall-painting in Pompeii.

51. Torvae, fierce-looking; with a rough, shaggy front, something like that of a bull.-52. Plurima, immense.-55. Hirtae; in the predicate. 56. Maculis et albo hendiadys for maculis albis.- 57. Inga detrectans, etc.; indications of spirit. Cows, as well as oxen, are still used in Europe as draught-animals.- 58. Quaeque ardua tota, and which is exceedingly tall; "nothing but tall."- -60. Aetas pati. For the construction, see on Ge. I, 213. The last syllable of pati retained in the scanning.Cetera; supply aetas.- -63. Superat, remains; while the youthful vigor of the beasts (gregibus) still continues; i. e., before the age of ten.- -64. Solve mares, "let out" the bulls; from the stalls or from the pens in which they are usually kept apart from the herd. Primus; as in Ge. II, 408.- -66-71. As it is necessary to slaughter or dispose of the cattle that have ceased to be

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profitable, and to exchange them (mutare) by selecting (sortiri) every year young animals (subolem) for maintaining the herd (armento), their brief existence and the poor return they thus receive for hardship and suffering (labor) call forth expressions of sympathy from the poet such as he would use if speaking of human beings. Comp. 525, sqq.66. Quaeque may be freely rendered by semper, and the following prima, also, as an adverb. The dative mortalibus, limiting the sentence, may be rendered as an accusative after fugit.68. Rapit, hurries away; i. e., from life. So Hor. O. II, 13, 19, sq. leti vis rapuit rapietque gentes. 69. Semper erunt, etc. There will always be some in the herd becoming old and unprofitable, and such that you will wish them to be replaced by younger ones.- -70. Enim, 80, then. Ne post, etc., lest you should afterward feel the need of those that have been removed (amissa corpora); that is, of those that have been slaugh

tered.

72-94. The indications in make, form, and spirit, which should guide the horsebreeder in selecting a stallion.

72. The herd of horses, or the rearing of horses, demands (est) the same selection as in the case of cattle.73. Tu is expressed to emphasize the injunction. Modo, just; by all means. Quos. The antecedent is is understood after impende laborem. Submittere, here, seems to have reference especially to the breeding of stallions.-75. Continuo, at once; as soon as the young foal begins to step about in the field. Pecoris, here, breed or blood.—76. Ingreditur lengthens the last syllable by the ictus. Mollia, pliant, elastic, may be rendered in the predicate, "with elastic tread." Reponit implies both lifting and putting down again.-77, 78. He shows his superior blood and spirit by taking the lead of the herd on the road or over the untried fords and bridges.- -82. Albis. "White" is a bad indication in stallions; not in mares. Comp. Ae. XII, 84.- -85. Ignem said of the hot or fiery breath.87. Duplex describes the flesh rising in a ridge on either side of the spine above the hips. See the illustration at the head of the notes on this book; one of the ancient colossal horses on Monte Cavallo at Rome, which well illustrates Vergil's ideal in every respect.89. Amyclaei. The Dioscuri were sons of Leda, wife of the Spartan king Tyndareus, who once

Chariot and horses of Minerva. From an ancient cutting on silver found at Pompeii. dwelt in Amyclae.-90. Cyllarus. Castor and Pollux received from Neptune the horses named Xanthus and Cyllarus.-91. Currus; by metonymy for bigae or team, as in Ae. VII, 163.- -92-94. Saturn in his amour with Philyra on Mount Pelion was detected by Ops, his jealous wife, and fled

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