CRAIK, MRS. DINAH MARIA (1826- English literature and history at the Queen's 1887), novelist. [See MULOCK.] CRAIK, GEORGE LILLIE (1798-1866), man of letters, was born at Kennoway, Fife, in 1798. He was the son of the Rev. William Craik, schoolmaster of Kennoway, by his wife, Paterson, daughter of Henry Lillie. He was the eldest of three brothers, the second being James Craik (1802-1870), who studied at St. Andrews, was licensed in 1826, became classical teacher at Heriot's Hospital, Edinburgh, was afterwards minister of St. George's Church, Glasgow, and was elected moderator of the general assembly in 1863; and the third, the Rev. Henry Craik (18041866) of Bristol, who was a Hebrew scholar of repute, and author of 'The Hebrew Language, its History and Characteristics' (1860), and some other books on theology and biblical criticism. In his fifteenth year George Lillie Craik entered St. Andrews, where he studied with distinction and went through the divinity course, though he never applied to be licensed as a preacher. In 1816 he took a tutorship, and soon afterwards became editor of a local newspaper, the 'Star.' He first visited London in 1824, and went there two years afterwards, delivering lectures upon poetry at several towns on the way. In 1826 he married Jeannette, daughter of Cathcart Dempster of St. Andrews. In London he took up the profession of authorship, devoting himself to the more serious branches of literary work. He became connected with Charles Knight, and was one of the most useful contributors to the publications of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. He lived in a modest house called Vine Cottage, in Cromwell Lane, Old Brompton, and was well known to Carlyle, John Forster, Leigh Hunt, and other leading writers of the time. In 1849 he was appointed professor of VOL. XIII. College, Belfast. He was popular with the students and welcome in society. He visited London in 1859 and 1862 as examiner for the Indian civil service, but resided permanently at Belfast. He had a paralytic stroke in February 1866, while lecturing, and died on 25 June following. His wife, by whom he had one son and three daughters, died in 1856. His works, distinguished by careful and accurate research, are as follows: 1. 'The Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties,' published in 2 vols. 1830-1; there are several later editions, and in 1847 appeared a supplementary volume of 'Female Examples,' as one of Knight's ' Monthly Volumes.' 2. The New Zealanders,' 1830. 3. 'Paris and its Historical Scenes,' 1831. These three are part of the Library of Entertaining Knowledge' published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 4. The Pictorial History of England,' 4 vols. 1837– 1841 (with C. MacFarlane). The History of British Commerce,' extracted from this, was published separately in 1844. 5. 'Sketches of the History of Literature and Learning in England from the Norman Conquest,' 6 vols. 1844-5, expanded into 6. History of English Literature and the English Language,' 2 vols. 1861. A manual abridged from this appeared in 1862, of which a ninth edition, edited and enlarged by H. Craik, appeared in 1883. 7. 'Spenser and his Poetry,' 3 vols. 1845 (in Knight's' Weekly Volume"). 8. 'Bacon and his Writings,'3 vols. 1846–7 (in Knight's' Weekly Volume'). 9. 'Romance of the Peerage,' 4 vols. 1848-50. 10. 'Outlines of the History of the English Language,' 1851. 11. The English of Shakespeare illustrated by a Philological Commentary on Julius Cæsar,' 1856. Craik contributed to the 'Penny Magazine' and 'Penny Cyclopædia,' and wrote B many excellent articles for the biographical dictionary begun by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. He also wrote a pamphlet upon the 'Representation of Minorities.' [Gent. Mag. 1866, ii. 265-6; private information.] CRAKANTHORPE, RICHARD (15671624), divine, was born at or near Strickland in Westmoreland in 1567, and at the age of sixteen was admitted as a student at Queen's College, Oxford. According to Wood he was first a poor serving child,' then a tabardar, and at length in 1598 became a fellow of that college. In the latter part of the reign of Elizabeth the university of Oxford was very puritanical, and the influence of Dr. John Reynolds, president of Corpus, the very learned leader of the puritans, was supreme. It would appear that Crakanthorpe at once fell under his influence, and became closely attached to him. He proceeded in divinity and became conspicuous among the puritanical party for his great powers as a disputant and a preacher. Wood describes him as a 'zealot among them,' and as having formed a coterie in his college of men of like opinions with himself, who were all the devoted disciples of Dr. Reynolds. That Crakanthorpe had acquired a very considerable reputation for learning is probable from the fact that he was selected to accompany Lord Evers as his chaplain, when, at the commencement of the reign of James I, he was sent as ambassador extraordinary to the emperor of Germany. It appears that he had preached an 'Inauguration Sermon' at Paul's Cross on the accession of James, which probably brought him into notice. Crakanthorpe had as his fellow-chaplain in the embassy Dr. Thomas Morton [q. v.], afterwards well known as the bishop of Chester and Durham. The two chaplains could hardly have been altogether of the same mind, but Wood tells us that they did advantage themselves exceedingly by conversing with learned men of other persuasions, and by visiting several universities and libraries there.' After his return Crakanthorpe became chaplain to Dr. Ravis, bishop of London, and chaplain in ordinary to the king. He was also admitted, on the presentation of Sir John Leverson, to the rectory of Black Notley, near Braintree in Essex. Sir John had had three sons at Queen's College, and had thus become acquainted with Crakanthorpe. The date of his admission to this living in Bancroft's 'Register' is 21 Jan. 1604-5. Crakanthorpe had not as yet published anything, and with the exception of his 'Inauguration Sermon,' published in 1608, the earliest of his works bears date 1616, when he published a treatise in defence of Justinian the emperor, against Cardinal Baronius. His merits, however, and his great learning seem to have been generally recognised, and in 1617, succeeding John Barkham [q. v.] or Barcham, Crakanthorpe was presented to the rectory of Paglesham by the Bishop of London. He had before this taken his degree of D.D. and been incorporated at Cambridge. It was about this time that the famous Mark Anthony de Dominis [q. v.], archbishop of Spalatro, came to this country as a convert to the church of England, having published his reasons for this step in a book called 'Consilium Profectionis' (Heidelberg and Lond. 1616). With this prelate Crakanthorpe was destined to have his remarkable controversial duel. His most important previous works were: 1. Introductio in Metaphysicam,' Oxford, 1619. 2. 'Defence of Constantine,with a Treatise of the Pope's Temporal Monarchy,' Lond. 1621. 3. Logica libri quinque de Prædicabilibus, Prædicamentis,' &c., Lond. 1622. 4. Tractatus de Providentiâ Dei,' Cambridge, 1622. The 'Defensio Ecclesiæ Anglicana,' Crakanthorpe's famous work, was not published till after his death, when it was given to the world (1625) by his friend, John Barkham, who also preached his funeral sermon. It is said by Wood to have been held the most exact piece of controversy since the Reformation." It is a treatise replete with abstruse learning, and written with excessive vigour. Its defect is that it is too full of controversial acerbity. Crakanthorpe was, says Wood, a great canonist, and so familiar and exact in the fathers, councils, and schoolmen, that none in his time scarce went before him. None have written with greater diligence, I cannot say with a meeker mind, as some have reported that he was as foul-mouthed against the papists, particularly M. Ant. de Dominis, as Prynne was afterwards against them and the prelatists.' The first treatise of De Dominis (mentioned above) had been received with great applause in England, but when, after about six years' residence here, the archbishop was lured back to Rome, and published his retractation ('Consilium Reditûs'), a perfect storm of vituperation broke out against him. It was this treatise which Crakanthorpe answered in his 'Defensio Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ,' taking it sentence by sentence, and almost word by word, and pouring out a perpetual stream of invective on the writer. The Latin style of Crakanthorpe's treatise is admirable, the learning inexhaustible, but the tone of it can scarcely be described otherwise than as savage. Its value as a contribution to the Romish controversy is also greatly lessened by the fact of its keeping so closely to the treatise which it answers, and never taking any general views of the subjects handled. The book having been published without the author's final corrections, in consequence of his illness and death, the first edition was full of errors. It was well edited at Oxford in 1847. Crakanthorpe died at his living of Black Notley, and was buried in the chancel of the church there on 25 Nov. 1624. King James, to whom he was well known, said, somewhat unfeelingly, that he died for want of a bishopric. Several works written by him on the Romish controversy, in addition to his great work, the 'Defensio,' were published after his death. [Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, vol. i.; Crakanthorpe's Defensio Ecclesiæ Anglicana, Oxford, 1847; M. Ant. de Dominis, Reditus ex Anglia Consilium Sui, Rome, 1622.] G. G. P. CRAKELT, WILLIAM (1741-1812), classical scholar, was born in 1741. From about 1762 until his death he held the curacy of Northfleet in Kent. He was also master of the Northfleet grammar school, and was presented in 1774 to the vicarage of Chalk in Kent. He died at Northfleet on 22 Aug. 1812, aged 71. Crakelt published various editions of Entick's Dictionaries, as follows: 1. Entick's New Spelling Dictionary, a new ed., enlarged by W. C.,' 1784, 12mo; other editions in 1787 obl. 12mo, 1791 8vo, 1795 12mo (with a grammar prefixed). 2. Entick's New Latin-English Dictionary, augmented by W.C.,' 1786, 12mo. 3. Tyronis Thesaurus; or Entick's New Latin-English Dictionary; a new edition revised by W. C., 1796, 12mo; another ed. 1836, obl. 12mo. 4. Entick's English-Latin Dictionary to which is affixed a Latin-English Dictionary... revised and augmented by W. C.,' 1824, 16mo. 5. Entick's English-Latin Dictionary by W. C., 1825,' 12mo. 6. Entick's English-Latin Dictionary' (with an etymological paradigm' annexed), 1827, 4to. He also published (1792, 8vo) a revised edition of Daniel Watson's English prose translation of 'Horace,' and translated (1768,8vo) Mauduit's 'New... Treatise of Spherical Trigonometry.' Crakelt was intimate with Charles Dilly the bookseller, who left a legacy to his wife and to her daughter, Mrs. Eylard. a child he was so delicate that he was not allowed to study, but, his health improving, he studied the violin with his father, by whom he was placed in the opera band without salary at the age of seventeen. In 1793 his name occurs as leader of the second violins at the Canterbury festival, and in the following year he was elected a member of the Royal Society of Musicians. On his father's death he succeeded to his post as leader of the Antient concerts, and it is related that George III used to give him the right tempi when Handel's compositions were performed. He also acted as leader at the Philharmonic concerts, most of the provincial festivals, and at the coronation of George IV, and on the foundation of the Royal Academy of Music was appointed one of the first professors. In 1834 he succeeded Christian Kramer as master of Cramer sustained a severe shock in the death the king's band. Towards the end of his life of his second son, François, who died of consumption just after taking his degree at Oxford. He never recovered from this blow, though he continued working almost until the last. He retired from the conductorship of the Antient concerts in 1844, and died at Westbourne Grove, Tuesday, 25 July 1848. Cramer was a respectable performer, but no genius; he rarely attempted solos, and had his life overshadowed by his celebrated elder no talent for composition. He was all through brother, to whom he was much devoted. There is an engraved portrait of him by Gibbon, after Watts, and a lithograph by C. Motte, after Minasi, published in Paris. [Pohl's Mozart und Haydn in London; Fétis's Biographies des Musiciens; Musical World,5 Aug. 1848; Cazalet's Hist. of the Royal Academy of Music; Musical Recollections of the Last Century; Life of Moscheles.] W. B. S. CRAMER, JOHANN BAPTIST (1771– of Wilhelm Cramer [q. v.], was born at 1858), pianist and composer, the eldest son Mannheim 24 Feb. 1771. He came with his mother to London in 1774, and when seven years old was placed under the care of a musician named Bensor, with whom he studied for three years. He then learned for a short time from Schroeter, and after a year's interval had lessons from Clementi, until the latter left England in 1781. In 1785 he studied theory with C. F. Abel, but otherwise he was entirely self-taught, and seems to have had no lessons after he was sixteen. But he was assiduous in the study of the works of Scarlatti, Haydn, and Mozart, and it is probable that his father, who was an admirable musician, supervised his education throughout. Although originally intended for a violinist, his talent as a pianist soon asserted itself, and in 1781 he made his first appearance at his father's yearly benefit concert. In 1784 he played at one concert a duet with Miss Jane Mary Guest; at another a duet for two pianofortes with Clementi. In the following year he played at a concert with Dance, and in 1799 with Dussek. In 1788 Cramer went abroad. At Vienna he made Haydn's acquaintance, and in Paris, where he stayed for some time, he became first acquainted with the works of Sebastian Bach, which he obtained in repayment of a loan. He returned to England in 1791, but in 1798 he again went abroad, renewing his friendship with Haydnat Vienna, and making the acquaintanceship of Beethoven, with whom, however, he seems to have been in little sympathy. On his return to England he married. He remained in England until 1816, when he went to Germany, but returned in 1818. On the establishment of the Royal Academy of Music in 1822 Cramer was appointed a member of the board of management. In 1828 he founded the firm of music publishers 'J. B. Cramer & Co.,' but in 1835 he resolved to retire from active interest in the business and settle in Munich; he accordingly gave a farewell concert and left England. He did not stay in Germany long, but returned to London, afterwards living in retirement in Paris. In 1845 he once more came back to England, where he remained for the rest of his life. In June 1851 he was present with Duprez and Berlioz at the festival of charity children at St. Paul's. Berlioz, disguised in a surplice, obtained admission among the bass singers. On meeting Cramer after the service he found the old musician deeply affected; forgetting that Berlioz was a Frenchman, he exclaimed, 'Cosa stupenda! stupenda! La gloria dell' Inghilterra!' Cramer died in London on Friday, 16 April 1858, and was buried at Brompton on the Thursday following. He wrote an immense amount of music for the pianoforte sonatas, concertos, and smaller pieces all of which are now forgotten; but one work of his, the Eighty-four Studies,' is still an accepted classic. As a pianist he occupied the foremost rank of his day; his power of making the instrument sing was unrivalled, and the evenness of his playing was remarkable. As a musician he was more in sympathy with the school of Haydn and Mozart than with that of Beethoven. The latter in one of his letters alludes to a report that had reached him of Cramer's want of sympathy with his music, and it is said that in later years Cramer was fond of praising the days when Beethoven's music was not understood. But against these stories must be set an account of a meeting of Hummel, Kalkbrenner, Moscheles, and Cramer, when Cramer played a work of Beethoven's to such perfection that Hummel rapturously embraced him, exclaiming, 'Never till now have I heard Beethoven!" The following is a list of the portraits of Cramer: (1) Oil painting, by Marlow, in the possession of Messrs. Chappell & Co.; (2) oil painting, by J. C. Horsley, in the possession of Messrs. Broadwood & Sons; (3) drawing by Wivell, engraved (a) by Thomson in the 'Harmonicon for 1823, and (b) by B. Holl, published 21 July 1831; (4) oil painting by J. Pocock, engraved by E. Scriven, and published 14 June 1819; (5) drawing by D. Barber, engraved by Thomson, and published 1 March 1826; (6) lithograph drawn and engraved by W. Sharp, published 15 Nov. 1830; (7) medal by Wyon, with Cramer's head on the obverse, and heads of Mozart, Raphael, and Shakespeare on the reverse; engravings of this medal are in the Print Room of the British Museum. [Pohl's Mozart und Haydn in London; Fétis's Biographies des Musiciens; Musical World, 24 April 1858; Musical Recollections of the Last Century, i. 75; Life of Moscheles, i. 318; Ries, Notizen über Beethoven; Harmonicon for 1823, P. 179; Evans's Cat. of Portraits; Grove's Dict. of Musicians, i. 414, in which there is an excellent estimate of Cramer's position as a pianist and composer.] W. B. S. CRAMER, JOHN ANTONY (17931848), dean of Carlisle and regius professor of modern history at Oxford, was born at Mittoden, Switzerland, in 1793. He was educated at Westminster School, entered Christ Church, Oxford, in 1811, obtained first class honours in both classics and mathematics in 1814, graduated B.A. in that year and M.A. in 1817, B.D. in 1830, and D.D. in 1831; was appointed tutor and rhetoric reader of his college; was perpetual curate of Binsey, Oxfordshire, from 1822 to 1845, but did not leave Oxford; and was public examiner there in 1822-4, and again in 1831. He was also vice-principal of St. Alban Hall 1823-5, public orator 1829 to 1842, principal of New Inn Hall 1831-47, succeeded Arnold as regius professor of modern history in 1842, and became dean of Carlisle 1844. For the previous thirteen years he resided at New Inn Hall as principal, and rebuilt the place at his own expense. He died at Scarborough 24 Aug. 1848. Cramer was a good classic, and published the following: 1. 'Dissertation of the Passage of Hannibal over the Alps' (with H. L. Wickham), Oxford, 1820; 2nd edit. 1828. 2. 'Description of Ancient Italy,' 2 vols. 1826. 3. Description of Ancient Greece,' 3 vols. 1828. 4. 'Description of Asia Minor,' 2 vols. 1832. 5. Anecdota Græca Oxoniensia,' 4 vols. 1834-7. 6. Anecdota Græca e codicibus manuscriptis Bibliothecæ Regiæ Parisiensis, 4 vols. 1839-41. 7. Catena Græcorum Patrum in Novum Testamentum,' 8 vols. 1838-44. 8. Inaugural lecture On the Study of Modern History,' delivered 2 March 1843. He also edited for the Camden Society the 'Travels of Nicander Nucius of Corcyra in England in the reign of Henry VIII,' 1841. Cramer left three sons and a daughter. [Gent. Mag. 1848, ii. 430; Welch's Alumni Westmonast. 473.] CRAMER, WILHELM (1745 ?-1799), violinist, generally said to have been born at Mannheim in 1745, was the second son of Jacob Cramer (1705-1770), a flute-player in the band of the elector. Gerber, however (Lexikon der Tonkünstler, i.310, ed. 1790), says that from 1750 to 1770 Cramer was playing at Mannheim. If this is the case, he could not well have been born so late as 1745. According to the accepted accounts he was a pupil of the elder Stamitz, of Cannabich, and of Basconni. When only seven years old he played a concerto at a state concert, and in his sixteenth year went on a concert tour in the Netherlands, and on his return was appointed a member of the elector's band. He married at Mannheim, but in 1770 obtained leave to travel, the elector, Prince Maximilian, allowing him 2007. a year during his absence. He travelled through Germany, Italy, and France, and on the invitation of Johann Christian Bach he came to London towards the end of 1772. He lived for some time with Bach, first at Queen Street, Golden Square, and then at Newman Street, and Bach is said to have corrected and tinkered his compositions. His first appearance in London took place at a benefit concert under Bach and Abel in Hickford's Rooms, 22 March 1773. His success was so great that he resolved to settle in London, whither he was followed in 1774 by his wife and eldest son, Johann Baptist [q. v.] His second son, Franz [q. v.], followed somewhat later. His wife appeared at a concert in 1774 as a singer, pianist, and harpist; Michael Kelly (Reminiscences, i. 9-10), who describes her as a beautiful woman and a charming singer, says that she sang in Dublin in his youth. On 7 Dec. 1777 Cramer was admitted a member of the Royal Society of Musicians. In 1780 he succeeded Hay as leader at the Antient concerts, in 1783 he was leader at the Pro fessional concerts, in 1787 at the Musical Fund concerts, and about the same time at the Nobility's concerts. He also directed the court concerts at Buckingham Palace and Windsor, and was leader, until Salomon's arrival, at the Pantheon, Italian Opera, and the Three Choirs festivals. He led at the Handel festivals in 1784, 1787, 1791, and 1792, and at the concerts given in the Sheldonian Theatre on Haydn's visit to Oxford in 1791. Indeed, there is scarcely a musical performance at this time in which he did not appear. About 1797 he retired from the Italian opera, owing, it was said, to the machinations of Banti and Viotti. In spite of his brilliant career his latter years were clouded with pecuniary embarrassments, and his affairs became so involved that a 'friendly commission of bankruptcy was issued' in order to extricate him from his difficulties. His last public appearance was at the Gloucester festival in 1799; and he died in Charles Street, Marylebone, 5 Oct. in the same year. He was buried 11 Oct. in a vault near the entrance of the old Marylebone burying-ground. Cramer was married twice. His second wife was a Miss Madan, of Irish origin, and by her he left four children. The eldest of these, Charles, appeared as a violinist in 1792, when barely eight years old, at a benefit concert of his father's. He was said to show great promise, but died prematurely in December 1799. A daughter of Cramer's married a Captain H.V. D'Esterre. Cramer was an excellent if not phenomenal performer. His tone was full and even, his execution brilliant and accurate, and his playing at sight was celebrated. He wrote a good deal of music for his instrument, but none of this has survived. A portrait of him by T. Hardy was published by Bland in 1794; a copy of this, by J. F. Schröter, appeared at Leipzig. There is also a portrait of him by T. Bragg, after G. Place, published in 1803. A pencil vignette of him by J. Roberts, drawn in 1778, is in the possession of Mr. Doyne C. Bell. [Pohl's Mozart und Haydn in London; Fétis's Biographies des Musiciens; Mendel's MusikLexikon; Gent. Mag. 1799; Parke's Musical Memoirs, i. 179, 254, 277; Records of the Royal Society of Musicians; Marylebone Burial Řegister.] W. B. S. CRAMP, JOHN MOCKETT, D.D. (1791– 1881), baptist minister, son of Rev. Thomas Cramp, founder of the baptist church at St. Peter's in the Isle of Thanet, and its pastor for many years, who died 17 Nov. 1851, aged 82, was born at St. Peter's 25 July 1791, and educated at Stepney College, London. In 1818 he was ordained pastor of the baptist. chapel in Dean Street, Southwark, and from |
