Emmanuel and his Government were habi- | pendence that must prove superior to what it tually proclaimed to be the incarnation of that now possesses; equal to the necessities of its spirit of sheer worldliness which the Papacy position, and therefore having intrinsic merits, pretended it to be its particular duty to com- which sooner or later would recommend its bat on earth. Now this position has been acceptance to representatives of the interests entirely abandoned, for the Pope, departing of the Papacy. It was, besides, the convicfrom the course he has hitherto pursued in tion of Count Cavour, that to establish anyproviding provisionally out of his own authori- how relations of intercourse between the King ty for the wants of the Church in Italy, with- of Italy and the Pope, to bring matters to out taking any notice whatever of the civil the point of at all events opening direct dispowers in existence, as too impious to be cussions between the two, was a thing in looked upon; has now treated with these itself of such paramount importance as to be same powers in reference to the aforesaid worthy of almost any price. For ever he was wants of the Church, thereby practically vainly on the watch with his keen eye for an recognising Victor Emmanuel as King of opportunity such as now has been showered Italy, and releasing the representative of the down upon his successors; for he deeply felt State from the ban under which he has been that Rome and the Roman question were the lying. The moment the Pope treats in a real difficulties of Italy, and that every apfriendly way with a monarch about the choice proach to them was necessarily so much of individuals for sees in his dominions, it is gained. In the spring of 1861, Count Cavour self-evident that this monarch can no longer fancied that he might be able to effect his be regarded by the Pope as an outcast from object. A plenipotentiary was at that time the pale of the Church. Whatever may be named by him, who was furnished with elathe differences still existing between them, borate instructions, and was authorized to the nature of the breach must still be essen- concede to the Pope the absolute nomination tially modified after such relations. We of all bishops in Italy, without any check have, moreover, good grounds for confidently thereon by the State. But the Court of Rome stating that the manner in which the Pope was then still obdurate, and Count Cavour's has proposed to deal in regard to the nomi- Plenipotentiary was never admitted to treat. nation of bishops, amounts practically to a Thus what that great statesman always most distinct recognition of the Italian king-worked to obtain with unrelaxing activity, dom. He proposed to leave the recommendation of candidates for the vacant sees to the King's Government, without any reservation in regard to the sees in his old provinces. Victor Emmanuel, therefore, would thus practically exercise his right of patronage in all portions of his dominions without abatement, a concession of such vast importance, and involving such vital consequences, that one is almost at a loss to understand how the Pope could have brought himself of a sudden to act so liberally. It is therefore strange to learn that the men who are in office at Turin should express themselves not content with this concession, and should be making difficulties about points of very small importance, thus acting contrary to the spirit in which Count Cavour was prepared to treat with Rome. That largeminded statesman felt that a great object was to be won only by a great policy. To deal with Rome in a narrow and jealous temper he saw was quite beside the requirements of the case. Hence he struck out the bold policy of a free Church in a free State. He meant the Pope to be absolutely independent in everything appertaining to Church matters, to be entirely emancipated from all interference on the part of the State. He believed that this scheme offered a guarantee to the Papacy for a condition of dignity and inde and what, as proved by his own doings, he thought worthy of being acquired by a wholesale surrender of ancient privileges of the Crown, his successors are not satisfied at having offered to them on much cheaper terms (for we repeat, that the Pope has proposed that Victor Emmanuel should recommend the persons to be made bishops), but they want to impose still further conditions of their own. It is demanded that the bishops should take an oath of allegiance to Victor Emmanuel, a proceeding quite in accordance with ancient custom, but quite at variance with the great policy of a free Church in a free State, and, moreover, impossible for the Pope to allow, without making a concession, not merely in practice (which he is ready to do), but also in principle (which he is not willing to do). But is it statesmanlike to jeopardize the immense political advantages that would be secured by a concluded understanding between King and Pope out of regard for a formula involving so small a material guarantee as an oath of allegiance? What dynasty has ever been saved by any form of oath? We have no reason for inferring that the negotiations have been broken off. The Italian Plenipotentiary left Rome simply because he had conducted matters as far as he was in a condition to conduct them. If the Italian Government should not insist on the question of the oath, which the Pope, execution of the Convention of the 15th Sepsays very fairly that he cannot impose upon tember. That Convention expressly purthe bishops in his old provinces, and there- ports to be made for the securing of the fore also not upon bishops in other provinces Pope's safety. Now, if a pretext were to be wrested from their former sovereigns by the sought for not carrying into execution its same force of invasion by which he himself capital provision that Rome is to be evawas dispossessed, then we believe that no sub-cuated by the French troops, might that stantial difficulty remains on any point that has been under discussion. Indeed, the Pope has shown himself very good-tempered and willing during these negotiations. At bottom he has Italian impulses, and these, long counteracted, are now again for the moment allowed free scope. The indisposition of the Italian Ministers to waive the oath proceeds from a timid deference to that anti-ecclesiastical irritation which we have mentioned as being on the growth amongst Italian Liberals. Neither do the present Ministers, being men of small capacity, understand how to act with firmness, and they thus put themselves often in false positions. The vacillating manner in which they conducted the Bill for the Regulation of Religious Communities, exposed them to the charge of having withdrawn it in obedience to a command from Rome-a charge for which there is no foundation, the negotiations never having extended to this point. But this is quite enough to make them fear the imputation of being priestridden, and to make them try and recover their reputations by being stubborn on a point of popular prejudice. Still, so vast are the consequences to be gained at this moment, and so very great are the perils to be laid up in store if these present negotiations should fall to the ground, from the Italian Government insisting on terms which the Pope cannot grant, that we cannot dismiss the hope that the remarkable instinct evinced by the Italians, and the straightforward intellect of General La Marmora, will turn to account this precious opportunity for obtaining a further and material security for the pretext not be furnished if, on the Pope's making such serious advances, the Italian Government were to exhibit itself in the attitude of having refused to concede those guarantees which would make a reality of that loudly vaunted free Church which Italian Liberals have been holding up in the face of the Pope? However strong may be the Emperor Napoleon's personal predilec-. tions in favour of Italy, she has enemies enough in France who are eager to thwart her progress. Montalembert has been loud in declaring his conviction that the free Church programme has never been meant to be more than a blind-that the settled determination of the Italian Liberals is to enslave the Pope once they get him separate from foreign support. There is now an opportunity afforded of satisfactorily confuting this confident insinuation, and of facilitating materially, at a most critical moment, a measure which, if once carried out, may be confidently said to be the coping set on the structure of an United Italy. For it is a point of paramount importance that the evacuation of Rome by French troops contemplated by the September Convention be not obstructed; and how can that evacuation-the darling wish of all Italians-be obstructed, if once the Pope and King of Italy live together on footing of practical good-fellowship? Of all the astonishing circumstances that have marked the Italian Revolution, none is so wonderful as this sudden change on the part of Pius IX. Also the responsibility resting on the shoulders of the present Ministers of Italy is enormous. INDEX TO VOL. XLII. A. AIKIN, Lucy (see Women of Letters): beginning of Art, Christian; see Symbolism. B. BAILLIE, Joanna (see Women of Letters): her home Barbauld, Mrs., 166. Blanc, Mont; see Mont Blanc. Booth's "Epigrams, Ancient and Modern;" see Bryce, James, B.A.; see Roman Empire, C. CORNWALLIS, Caroline F. (see Women of Letters): Criticism, Essays in, by Matthew Arnold, 80; his Earl Godwin and his family described by a con- 209. "Epigrams, Ancient and Modern," edited by Rev. G. GERMANY, education in, at the close of eighteenth Gold Question, the new gold mines and prices, position of Mont Blanc with relation to the chain of the Alps, ib.; its glaciers, 73; Pierre Martel's expedition, 73, 74; survey of 1842: M. Séné's model, 74; the Alpine club, 74, 75; the "Gordian knot," 75; Mr. A. Adams Reilly, 75, 76; glaciers of Argentière, Tour, and Salena, 76; Mr. Reilly's survey of 1863, 76, 77; ascents by him in 1864, 78; passes of the great chain, ib.; routes of ascent, 79; MM. Maquetin and Briquet's ascent in 1863, ib.; the Col de Triolet, ib.; importance of Mr. Reilly's map to the tourist, the geographer, and the geologist, 79, 80. 155; what stationary prices and rising prices severally indicate, according to the locality, ib.; social and economic results of the closer contiguity of places, 155, 156; to what is the dearness of corn, etc., in 1858-57, to be attributed? 156; rise in wages, 157; pastoral and agricultural statistics, ib.; rise of prices in India, both as to provisions and labour, 158-160; monetary future of India, 160, 162, 163; effects of the difficulties of land trade, 161; to what causes a high rate of interest may be ascribed, 161, 162; redemption of wealth from the regions of waste, 162; the question as to whether the new mines have lowered the value of money in England, ib.; peculiarity of gold as a commodity, 163; stationary, progressive, and retrograde communities, 163, 164; yield of the gold-fields of Vic-Religious Literature:-character of the books of any toria, 164; probability of an increase in the sup ply of the precious metals from the American continent and elsewhere, ib. H. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE; see Roman Empire. I. ICONOGRAPHY, Christian; see Symbolism. influence of Florence, 249, 250; anticipated com- L. Leech, John, and his etching, etc., 108 et seq.; the ludicrous and its cause, 109; physiology and phi. losophy of laughter, 109, 110; Sydney Smith on wit and humour, 110; English art-humorists, 110, 111; Leech's place among these, 111; the Punch dinner, 111, 112; his early life, 112; his accuracy of eye, 113; abandons the study of medieine and becomes artist, ib.; his "sketches in oil," 114; characteristics of Leech, 114, 115; his sense of beauty, 115; appreciation of him by many of our best artists, ib.; Thackeray's critique, 115, 116; organ-grinders and wood-engravers, 116; his purity and good taste, 117; his political pencillings, ib.; his rendering of London cabmen and gamins, ib.; his personal ap. pearance, 118; Sydney Smith on the danger of wit and humour, 118, 119. M. Mont Blanc, topography of the chain of, 70; Windham and Pococke's visit to Chamouni, 70, 71; other early visitors, 71, 72; De Saussure, 72; P. Philology, scope of, 131, 132. R. given period indicative of its leading tendencies, 209; sermons in advertisements, 210; devotional instinct revealed in the hold religious literature has on the less educated, ib.; the true province of popular religious literature, 211; the religious allegory, ib.; Bunyan, Old Humphrey, ib.; the religious story, ib.; Hannah More, Mrs. Trimmer, Legh Richmond, ib.; Mr. C. B. Tayler's stories, 212; charm and simplicity of his writing, ib.; religious tracts and the results attributed to them, 212, 213; books for a more advanced and cultivated class, 213; specimen of an improvement upon St. Peter, ib.; critical remarks on "Heaven our Home," 213, 214; Mr. Killen on infant salvation, 214, 215; want of humanity and tenderness in our cheap devotional literature, 216; its authors characterized, ib.; illus trations of the false and distorted view given by them of the Divine Character, 217, 218; the standard of Christian morality lowered by them, 218, 219; how faith, repentance, power of habit, effort, etc., are viewed, 219; distinction between sin and vice, ib.; evils of "preaching Christ" without enforcing its correlative, "repentance towards God," 220; the department of Christian biography, ib.; injudiciousness of such publications as "The Book and its Missions," 220, 221; statements of Christian work often calculated to give an erroneous impression, 221; desiderata of professedly Christian literature, ib. R. Roman Empire, medieval theory of the, 93, 97, 103; its history the key to the whole history of mediæval Europe, 93; causes of the neglect of the Imperial history, 93-95; importance of it, 95; the idea of the Empire, 96; merits of Mr. Bryce's Essay, 96, 97; the empire and the Church, 97; the first and the last of the Roman Emperors, 98; the early Empire, ib.; Rome and Christianity, 98, 99; the Empire continued in the East, 99; assumption of the Empire by Charles the Great, 100; memorable scene of Christmas-day A.D. 800, 101; position of Charles, 102; division of the Empire, ib.; Otto the Third, and the Empire under him, 103; union of the functions of German King and Roman Emperor, 104; decline and fall of the Empire, 104, 105; résumé of its history, 105, 106; influence of the revival of classical learning on men's ideas of the Empire: theory of Dante, 107; the steps by which Germany sank from a kingdom into a confederation, ib.; the Empire and its modern counterfeits, 108. S. Schools and Schoolmasters, 130. drawn from the united conceptions, in art, of ib.; T. Tests in English Universities, 54; importance of U. W. 3; the Irish Monks, 2, 3; the French auxiliaries, Wolf, Friedrich A., Life of, by Dr. Arnoldt, 121; |