warmly pressed in turn, broke and fled; and, in a chase of two miles, were entirely dispersed. At one moment, the destruction. of the whole Tennessee band appeared almost inevitable.

The total loss on the American side in the several engagements which we have just mentioned, was only twenty killed and seventy-five wounded. The lifeless bodies of one hundred and ninety-nine of the enemy's warriors were found: the number of their wounded could not be conjectured. On the night of the 26th, Jackson encamped within three miles of Fort Strother; having accomplished the several objects of this perilous expedition; which were, a diversion in favour of General Floyd, who was advancing with the army from Georgia; the prevention of a meditated attack upon Fort Armstrong by the savage bands, a considerable part of whom he either destroyed or dispersed; and the counteraction of discontent in his ranks, for which activity and battle were the best remedies.

In February, he discharged the volunteers and his artillery company, receiving in their stead fresh militia drafted for the occasion. One private of these he caused to be executed for mutiny, before the end of the month-an example of severity which had the happiest effect in regard to general subordination. He suffered again, in an extreme degree, from the scarcity of provisions; but having at last, by constant exertions, removed this obstacle to his plan of penetrating further into the enemy's country, he set out on the 16th of March from Fort Strother, and halted on the 21st at the mouth of Cedar Creek. Here, learning that the savages were still embodied, and very strongly posted not far from New Youcka on the Tallapoosa, he resolved to march upon them, as soon as the proper arrangements could be made for preserving his rear in safety.

On the 24th he proceeded with his whole force, which was less than three thousand effective men, and in the morning of the 27th, after a march of fifty three miles, reached the village of Tohopeka. The enemy having gained intelligence of his approach, collected in considerable numbers with a view to give him battle. Their position was admirably calculated for defence. Surrounded almost entirely by the river, it was accessible only by a narrow neck of land, of 350 yards in width, which they had taken much pains to secure and defend by placing large timbers and trunks of trees horizontally on each other, leaving but a single place of entrance. From a double row of port holes formed in it, they were enabled to direct their fire with a sure aim, while they appeared to be secure behind.

We need not follow out the details of this brilliant affair, so well known by the name of the battle of the Tohopeka or Horse Shoe. The contest was obstinate and bloody. Jackson's troops

finally scaled the ramparts of the Savages, who, disdaining to surrender, leaped down the banks of the river, when they could no longer defend themselves from behind the timber and brush. The carnage continued until night separated the combatants. The general result was, the destruction of the bravest of the Indian warriors and the ruin of their cause. Five hundred and fifty-seven of them were left dead on the peninsula. A multitude perished in the river. Three hundred women and children were taken prisoners, and treated with humanity. The loss of the victors, including the friendly Indians, was fifty-five killed and one hundred and forty-six wounded: among the former were some gallant officers.

Having thus struck a decisive blow, Jackson returned with his wounded, to Fort Williams. On the 2d of April, he published an address to his army, in which he complimented their courage and conduct, but told them, that more remained to be done. Understanding that the enemy was yet strong at Horthlewalee, a town situated not far from the Hickory ground, or that part of the Creek country lying in the forks near the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, he was anxious to resume operations as soon as possible, and unite with the North Carolina and Georgia troops, who were announced to be at no great distance, somewhere south of the Tallapoosa. On the 9th of April, he was on his march, with all his disposable force, but did not reach Horthlewalee until the 13th, owing to heavy rains which had swollen the streams that were to be crossed. The delay afforded an opportunity to the Savages to escape by flight from their pursuer, who soon afterwards effected his junction with the Georgia detachment. At the Hickory ground, the principal chiefs of the hostile tribes sued for peace-those who rejected this measure, had sought refuge along the coast and in Pensacola. Jackson prescribed to those who were disposed to renew their friendly relations with the United States, that they should retire and occupy the country about Fort Williams and to the east of the Coosa; a condition which was readily accepted, and which put it out of their power to renew hostilities with advantage at any time. Strong parties of militia were sent out to range the country and receive the submission of the natives. Much of the property plundered by them at Fort Mimms and along the frontiers was brought in and delivered up. All resistance being at an end, and there being no longer any necessity for maintaining an army in the field, orders were issued on the 21st of April, for the Tennessee troops to be marched home and discharged.

Such is the mere outline of the famous Creek war, in which Jackson, by the celerity of his movements, the inflexibility of his will, and the confidence with which his genius and demeanor

inspired his associates, accomplished as much within a few months as could be thought possible, consistently with the nature and number of his army.

The complete and final discomfiture of so formidable a foe as this confederacy of Indians, drew the attention of the general government to the Tennessee commander, and produced a speedy manifestation of the respect entertained for his services and character, in his appointment as brigadier and brevet Major-general in the regular army. A commission of Major-general was forwarded to him in May, 1814: The government deemed it advisable to enter into a treaty with the vanquished Indians, for the purpose chiefly, of restricting their limits so as to cut off their communication with the British and Spanish agents. General Jackson was deputed with colonel Hawkins as commissioner to negotiate with the Creeks; and on the 10th of July, he reached Alabama on this errand, and by the 10th of August, accomplished an agreement, under which the Indians bound themselves to hold no communication with British or Spanish garrisons, or foreign emissaries, and conceded to the United States, the right of erecting military posts in their country. The contraction and definition of their territorial limits were attended with considerable difficulty, but Jackson peremptorily and successfully insisted upon what he deemed necessary for the future security and permanent benefit of the United States.

During this transaction, his mind was struck with the importance of depriving the fugitive and refractory savages, of the aid and incitement which were administered to them in East Florida, and he at once urged on the President the propriety of attacking and dismantling Pensacola. He studied particularly, to obtain information of the designs which the British might have formed against the southern parts of the union. He already anticipated the attack on New Orleans. He addressed, of his own accord, complaints to the Governor of Pensacola, and summoned him to deliver up the chiefs of the hostile Indians, who were harboured in the fortress. The Governor refused and recriminated, The American officer whom Jackson despatched to Pensacola with his expostulations, reported, on his return, that he saw there nearly two hundred British officers and soldiers, and about five hundred Indians under the training of those officers, armed with new muskets, and dressed in the English uniform. Jackson repeated his instances with the government, to be allowed" to plant the American Eagle" on the Spanish walls. He addressed the governors of Tennessee, Louisiana and the Mississippi territory, soliciting them to be vigilant and energetic, " for dark and heavy clouds hovered over the seventh military district." He sent his adjutant-general, colonel Butler, to Tennessee, to raise volun

teers, and himself repaired to Mobile to put that region in a state of defence.

Towards the end of August, the noted colonel Nichols, with a small squadron of British ships, arrived at Pensacola, and at the expiration of a fortnight made an attack upon Fort Bowyer, situated at the extremity of a narrow neck of land, about eighteen miles below the head of Mobile Bay and commanding its entrance. Nichols was repulsed with the loss of his best ship, and two hundred and thirty men killed and wounded. This position had been wholly neglected before Jackson's arrival, who perceived at once its great importance, and lost no time in strengthening it to the utmost. The British assailants retired to Pensacola, to refit and prepare to make a descent on some less guarded point.

Jackson became more and more persuaded, that unless Pensacola should be reduced, it would be in vain to think of defending his district. He was confirmed in the plan which he had for some time revolved, of advancing against the Spanish town and throwing a force into the Barrancas, on his own responsibility. In the last week of October, general Coffee arrived near Fort Stephens, with two thousand able bodied and well armed men from Tennessee. Jackson hastened to his camp, took up the line of march with the American army, consisting of Coffee's brigade, the regulars and some Indians; in all about three thousand, and reached Pensacola on the 6th of November. The forts were garrisoned by the British and Spaniards, and prepared for resistance; batteries were formed in the principal streets; and the British vessels were moored within the bay, and so disposed as to command the principal entrance to the town. Jackson required that the different forts, Barrancas, St. Rose and St. Michael, should be forthwith surrendered, to be garrisoned and held by the United States, until Spain should furnish a force sufficient to protect her neutrality from the British. On the refusal of the governor to accede to these terms, Jackson pushed his troops at once into the heart of the town, having adroitly taken a different direction from that in which he was expected to appear. The Spanish batteries in the streets were charged and mastered; the Spaniards driven from their positions behind the houses and fences from which they were firing vollies of musketry; and, after some carnage, the governor and his advisers reduced to submission. Fort Barrancas was blown up by the British.

Two days after entering the town, Jackson abandoned it, and returned to Fort Montgomery, being satisfied with having driven away the British, forced the hostile Creeks to fly to the forests. and produced a salutary impression on the minds of the Spaniards. In this expedition, none of the Americans were killed,

and about fifteen or twenty of them only were wounded. Soon after they had retired, the Spaniards began to rebuild Forts Barrancas and Rose; and the British officers, anxious to regain that confidence which they had forfeited by the destruction of them, offered to assist in their re-construction. The governor declined the offer, and answered further, that when assistance was in fact needed, he would apply to his friend General Jackson.

After the general had sent off a detachment of one thousand men in pursuit of the Indian warriors who had assembled on the Appalachicola, with orders to destroy the depots of supplies, and their villages on the rout, and when he had reason to believe that Mobile and the inhabitants on its borders, were rendered comparatively secure by his operations and arrangements, his chief desire was to depart for New Orleans, where he had foreseen the vital danger to be, and where he knew his presence to be most material. As soon as General Winchester, who had been ordered to join him, reached the Alabama, he left Mobile. On the first of December, he was in New Orleans, and there established his head-quarters. General Coffee and Colonel Hinds were ordered to march with their commands, and take a position as convenient to New Orleans as should be compatible with the object of procuring forage for the horses of the dragoons.

Louisiana was ill supplied with arms: Its motley population, French and Spaniards, were not yet sufficiently fond of the American government to fight very desperately in its defence. New Orleans was unprepared to withstand an enemy, and contained but too many traitors or malcontents. Jackson was nearly disabled in body, by sickness and fatigue-he expected a large and perfectly appointed British force-his only means of resistance were the few regulars about him, the Tennessee volunteers, and such troops as the state of Louisiana might itself raise. He maintained, however, a confident aspect, and a confident tone. He summoned, at once, the governor and the citizens to exert themselves-he set them the example of unremitted activity and stern resolution. Volunteer companies were raised; batteries were repaired or constructed, and gun-boats stationed on the most eligible points on the river. He roused the Legislature, who before had done little or nothing, to lend him their concurrence. His language to them was, "with energy and expedition, all is safe-delay further, and all is lost." Commodore Patterson, who commanded the naval forces, executed every order with alacrity and vigour. Certain information was soon received that an English fleet was off Cat and Ship Island, within a short distance of the American lines. On the 14th of December, forty-three British boats, mounting as many cannon,