794. Saturno: Dative of Agency.

super Garamantas: alluding

perhaps to the subjugation of the Ethiopians in 22 B.C.

795. extra sidera : sidera (literally, constellations) designates first the constellations through which the sun passes in its annual course, i.e. the zodiac; then the part of the earth's surface lying beneath this. tellus i.e. the land of the new dominions.

796. extra anni solisque vias: i.e. beyond the its annual course; explanatory of extra sidera. iv. 246 ff.

798. in: against; i.e. in expectation of.

path of the sun in caelifer Atlas: cf.

799. responsis divum: in consequence of the oracles of the gods; i.e. the oracles that tell of Caesar's coming.

800. turbant: are in panic; turbo is here intransitive, a rare use of the word.

although he pierced, etc.; B. 309, 4; A. 527,

802. fixerit licet, etc.: b; G. 607; H. 586, 11. aeripedem cervam, Erymanthi nemora, Lernam: allusions to some of Hercules's twelve labors, the capture of the Arcadian hind, of the Erymanthian boar, and of the Lernaean hydra.

804. qui pampineis, etc.: Bacchus, who in triumph guides his chariot, etc. Bacchus was conceived as traversing the world, drawn by tigers, and spreading the blessings of civilization; victor refers to Bacchus's success as a civilizer of mankind; juga, literally, yokes, is poetically used for chariot. The reins of the wine-god are appropriately conceived as wound with leaves of the vine.

805. Nysae de vertice: Bacchus is said to have begun his triumphal journey at Nysa, a mountain and city of India.

806. et dubitamus, etc.. i.e. in view of these promises shall we hesitate to begin our grand career of spreading Trojan prowess in the promised land of Italy?

808. ramis olivae: the badge of peace.

809. sacra: the sacred utensils of his priestly office. Numa is said to have established the religious institutions of Rome.

810. regis Romani, qui, etc.: the reference is to Numa, the succes sor of Romulus. primam: young.

811. paupere terra: the land of the Sabines was poor and rugged. 812. imperium magnum: Rome. subibit shall succeed.

814. Tullus: incorporated with the relative, instead of being put with subibit.

815. jactantior: too vain. 816. quoque: even.

popularibus auris: popular favor.

As a

grandson of Numa, Ancus is said to have resented the election of Tullus as king, and to have appealed to popular support to accomplish Tullus's removal.

817. Tarquinios reges: Tarquinios is here used adjectively. Under Tarquinios reges we are to understand not merely Tarquinius Priscus and Tarquinius Superbus, but also Servius Tullius, who married a daughter of the elder Tarquin.

818. ultoris Bruti: i.e. Brutus, the avenger of Lucretia's death. fasces receptos: the fasces were the emblems of sovereignty. Virgil means that they were taken from the king, who had outraged popular rights, and were restored to the people. This marked the founding of the Republic, 509 B.C.

819. hic: Brutus.

saevas: stern. secures symbolical of power, like the fasces ('rods '), in which the secures were carried.

820. natos nova bella moventis, etc. the story was that the sons of Brutus entered into a conspiracy to restore the hated Tarquins and that Brutus as consul put them to death for their crime.

821. pulchra glorious.

822. utcumque ferent, etc.: however posterity may interpret that deed, love of country will prevail, i.e. over his feelings as a father. 823. laudum: in a good sense, — glory.

824. Decios: two famous Romans, father and son, each bearing the name Publius Decius Mus, who formally dedicated their lives in battle to bring victory to their countrymen, the former in the Latin war, 340 в.C., the latter in the war against the Gauls, 295 B.C. Drusos: M. Livius Drusus defeated Hasdrubal at the battle of the Metaurus in the Second Punic War. Virgil doubtless singles out the Drusi because Livia, the wife of Augustus, belonged to that family. saevum securi Torquatum: Torquatus with his unpitying axe; literally, cruel with his axe. Torquatus, who derived his name from the torques, or necklace, which he took from a Gaul that he had slain in single combat, is said to have punished with death his own son, who had engaged in single combat with one of the enemy against the orders of his father.

825. referentem signa Camillum: Camillus recaptured the standards which the Gauls had taken from the Romans at the battle of the Allia, 390 B.C.

826. illae autem animae: Pompey and Caesar. of the third conjugation, like fervĕre in iv. 409.

827. et connecting nunc and dum nocte premuntur.

gloom of the underworld.

829. acies: battles.

fulgĕre: here

nocte: the

830. aggeribus socer Alpinis, etc.: Caesar gave his daughter Julia to Pompey as wife. When the Civil War began, Caesar was proconsul of Gaul; hence he is represented as 'descending from the ramparts of the Alps.' arce Monoeci: used with poetic freedom for the North. Caesar did not pass near Monoecus, the modern Monaco, upon his return to Italy at the outbreak of the Civil War.

831. gener: Pompey; socer and gener are in partitive apposition with the subject of ciebunt. adversis instructus Eois: drawn up against him with eastern troops. Pompey's army was largely recruited in and from the eastern provinces.

832. pueri: my children.

ne tanta animis assuescite bella: by

Hypallage for ne tantis animos assuescite bellis.

834. tuque prior, etc.: and do thou first refrain, thou that, etc.; tu refers to Caesar. genus qui ducis Olympo: viz. through Aeneas and Venus.

836. ille: viz. Mummius who captured and destroyed Corinth in 146 B.C. triumphata Corintho: having triumphed over Corinth; triumpho is poetically used as transitive, like regno in lines 770 and 793. Capitolia ad alta: the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol was the goal of triumphal processions. Here were deposited the chief trophies of victory.

838. ille: Lucius Aemilius Paulus, who defeated King Perseus at Pydna. But Virgil indulges in poetic exaggeration when he attributes to Paulus the overthrow of Argos and Mycenae. These places are singled out because of their connection with the destruction of Troy.

839. Aeaciden: Perseus.

The Macedonian kings traced their de

scent back to Achilles, the grandson of Aeacus.

840. templa et, etc.: and the violation of Minerva's shrine; alluding to the violence done to Cassandra (see ii. 403 ff.), and to the theft of the Palladium (ii. 165 ff.).

841. magne Cato: Marcus Porcius Cato, the famous censor and champion of the old Roman simplicity. tacitum: unmentioned. The word here serves as a genuine perfect passive participle of taceo. Cosse: Aulus Cornelius Cossus slew Tolumnius, king of the Veientines, ir ttle, 43€ B.C., and dedicated his arms as trophies to Jupiter. Such personal trophies, taken by a Roman general from the hostile leader, were known as spolia opima. In Roman history they had been taken only once before Cossus's day, viz. by Romulus.

842. Gracchi genus: especially Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, the famous champions of popular rights. Their father (Tiberius Gracchus)

was also famous.

geminos Scipiadas: viz. Africanus the Elder and Africanus the Younger, the heroes of the Second and Third Punic wars. Scipiadas is poetic for Scipiōnes, which refuses to fit the dactylic hexameter.

-

843. cladem Libyae: cladem here has active force, the scourge of Libya. parvo potentem: i.e. contented with a little. Fabricius, one of the heroes of the age of Pyrrhus, was a familiar type of sturdy old Roman simplicity and integrity. The story of his refusal of Pyrrhus's bribes is familiar.

844. Serrane: Gaius Atilius Regulus Serranus, a distinguished general of the First Punic War, who is said to have been found sowing on his farm when the messengers came to inform him of his election to the consulship; hence his name, from sero, 'sow.' But this is probably a popular etymology. The name was originally Saranus.

845. quo fessum (me) rapitis: i.e. to the recital of what achievements do you call me, weary, as I already am, with reciting the future glories of Rome? Fabii: a famous family. The most noted was Quintus Fabius Maximus, surnamed Cunctator, because of his policy of avoiding a pitched battle in the struggle with Hannibal.

846. unus qui nobis, etc.: closely modelled on a line in Ennius's Annals, unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem; rem is used in the sense of rem publicam, the state.'

6

847 ff. These lines are printed in capitals in this edition because of their striking literary beauty and their supreme importance as indicating the key-note of the Aeneid. The poem as a whole is intended to glorify Augustus and his work as the organizer of the Empire. What Virgil here says of the spirit and mission of Rome is most profoundly true, while the language in which the thought is clothed is of striking force and beauty. alii: i.e. other nations. Virgil is thinking of the Greeks. spirantia aera: i.e. the work is so lifelike mollius: with softer grace.

that it seems to breathe.

848. credo equidem: I doubt not. ducent: the living looks' are conceived of as hidden in the marble; the sculptor draws them out. 849. caeli meatus: i.e. the movements of the heavenly bodies.

850. radio: the wand of the mathematician, used for tracing figures on sand spread upon a table. dicent with the force of praedicent.

851. regere dependent upon memento. Romane: the singular has collective force.

:

populos: the nations.

852. tibi artes: thy arts. pacis imponere morem: to impose the custom (the institution) of peace.

854-886. Marcellus.

854. mirantibus: limiting eis understood, referring to Aeneas and the Sibyl.

Marcellus: Mar

855. ut ingreditur : cf. line 779, viden ut stant. cus Claudius Marcellus, one of the heroes of the Second Punic War and called 'The Sword of Rome.' In his first consulship (222 B.C.) he won the spolia opima, the third instance of this distinction. 857. rem Romanam sistet: shall uphold the Roman state.

magno turbante tumultu: when a great upheaval shall disturb it. The reference is to the Gallic revolt and the Second Punic War.

858. Gallum rebellem: the Insubrian Gauls, whose capital was Mediolanum, the modern Milan. Marcellus defeated these at Clastidium in 222 B.C., the occasion on which he won the spolia opima.

859. tertia for the third time. : arma capta: the spolia opima. Quirino: Romulus and Cossus had dedicated their spolia opima to Jupiter Feretrius. Marcellus dedicates his to Quirinus, the deified Romulus.

860. una namque, etc.: for he saw advancing by his side a youth, etc. The reference is to Marcellus, son of Augustus's sister, Octavia, a youth of high character and great promise, intended by Augustus as his successor. He died in 23 B.C. Note that Virgil skilfully paves the way for his tribute to the young Marcellus by first introducing his famous ancestor, one of the heroes of the Second Punic War.

862. laeta parum: i.e. sad. dejecto lumina voltu: his eyes are downcast. The sad look and downcast eyes are meant to foreshadow Marcellus's early death; dejecto voltu is Ablative of Quality.

863. virum: the elder Marcellus.

6

865. strepitus comitum : i.e. already in the underworld the shade of Marcellus is surrounded by troops of admiring and devoted friends. instar: freely, majesty. The word first means equality,' then 'model,' 'ideal'; literally, what an ideal (we behold) in him himself!

869. tantum: only. ultra esse: to live longer. Marcellus was nineteen years of age when he died.

871. visa: understand esset. Anchises in imagination transports himself to the time of Marcellus's death. propria lasting.

dona viz. Marcellus, who is conceived of as a gift to the state.

haec

872. ille campus: the Campus Martius, the scene of Marcellus's funeral obsequies. magnam Mavortis urbem: Rome, founded by

Romulus, the son of Mars.