VII. A day of future resurrection, judgment, and retribution, to all mankind. See ch. xiv. 13-15: xix. 25-29 : xxi. 30: xxxi. 14. VIII. The propitiation of the Creator, in the case of human transgressions, by sacrifices (ch. i. 5: xlii. 8;) and the mediation and intercession of a righteous person. See ch. xlii. 8, 9.1 IX. The idolatrous worship of the heavenly bodies, a judicial offence, to be punished by the judge. See ch. xxxi. 26-28. X. The innate corruption of man; or what is generally termed "original sin.” See ch. xiv. 4: xv. 14-16: xxxv. 4. Several of these doctrines are more clearly developed than others, but the whole of them are fairly deduced from the obvious meaning of the words. Mr. Good, to whom we have been so greatly indebted for the foregoing outline, has remarked, that nothing can be more unfortunate for this most excellent composition than its division into chapters, and especially such a division as that in common use; in which, not only the unity of the general subject, but, in many instances, that of a single paragraph, or even of a single clause, is completely broken in upon and destroyed. Various are the divisions which have been adopted. Dr. Hales, who excludes the exordium and conclusion, divides it into five parts; but Mr. Good, who justly remarks that these are requisite to the unity of the composition, divides it into six. We follow his arrangement, but dividing his sixth part into two. We have, then, PART I.-The History of Job's Character and Trials, ch. i.—iii. PART II.-First Series of Conversations, or Controversy. PART VII.-Humiliation of Job, and his final Prosperity.... 1 Good's Dissertation, p. lxiv. XV. xvi. xvii. xviii. xix. xx. xxi. xxii. xxiii. xxiv. XXV. xxvi.-xxxi. xxxii.-xxxvi. xxxviii.—xli. 2 lbid. p. xxi. Miscellanea. STUDY OF MEDICINE. HAVING merely glanced at the numerous particulars embraced in my "Outlines of a Scripture Encyclopædia," I gladly resume the occasion of any enlargement or addition. Chap. III., of the Sciences, contained a cursory notice of Medicine;" and to this interesting topic, the reader's attention is now again requested. The recent perusal of Dr. Mason Good's Study of Medicine, in 5 vols. 8vo. has afforded me so high a degree of pleasure, with the most useful instruction, that I am induced to transcribe a synopsis of that invaluable work, together with occasional selections of a literary and scientific character, which will, I doubt not, be gratefully acknowledged by many. In the preface, the learned and worthy Doctor thus writes:-" The object of the present work is to unite the different branches of medical science which, when carried to any considerable extent, have hitherto, by most writers, been treated of separately, into a general system, so that the whole may be contemplated under a single view, and pursued under a common study. These branches are the following: "I. Physiology, or the doctrine of the natural action of the living principle. "II. Pathology, or the doctrine of its morbid action. "III. Nosology, or the doctrine of the classification of diseases. "IV. Therapeutics, or the doctrine of their treatment and cure.” "All these are of high, if not of equal importance. As it is impossible for a workman to set about restoring a machine to order, with any rational hope of success, without knowing the full extent and nature of the injury it has sustained, so is it equally impossible for him to acquire this knowledge unless he has also a knowledge of the structure of the machine, and has studied its several parts methodically and in reference to the bearing which one part has upon another. "It is this advantage of the study of one part in relation to another, that constitutes, or should constitute, in the art of medicine, the basis of a nosological arrangement; for by grouping diseases, not arbitrarily, but in the order of connexion in which they make their appearance in different functions, and the organs on which those functions depend, it is almost impossible to obtain an insight into the nature of any one disease belonging to such groups, without obtaining some insight into the nature of the rest, or tracing out some of the laws of morbid action which are common to the whole. “The author has entered with a considerable degree of fulness into the different modifications of diseases, in order to adapt the work to foreign climates and stations as well as to domestic practice; for a system of medicine, to be complete, should be of universal application. To render it such, however, it is seldom necessary to do more than follow up the common diseases of a country into their respective varieties; for the general laws of the morbid action of the living principle are as permanent and universal as those of its natural action, and a really new species of disease is, perhaps, as much a phenomenon, as a really new species of plant or animal. We see all these infinitely diversified by accidental circumstances, and particularly the circumstances of habit and climate; but the specific outlines are still preserved, and we are still capable of reducing them, under every disguise, to their proper relations, and of assigning them their proper posts. From a few nondescript skeletons occasionally found in the bowels of the earth, and particularly from the interesting museum of such established by M. Cuvier at Paris, we have reason to believe, that a few species of animals have totally disappeared; as we have also, from the classification of recent naturalists, compared with those of earlier times, that a few species are now in being which had no existence in remote ages. And in like manner, whilst a few species of diseases are now no longer to be found, which are described by earlier writers, a few seem to have supplied their place, which are comparatively of modern origin. Yet, upon the whole, the march of nature is but little interfered with in either case; and hence the prognostics and aphorisms of Hippocrates, the medical histories of Aretaus and Galen, of Rhaza and Avicenna, and the natural histories of Aristotle and Pliny, are transcripts of animal life in our own day, as well as in the times in which they were severally composed, and form important subjects of modern, as it is well known they did of ancient study. The extensive family of fevers and spasmodic affections are, in the main, the same now as they are represented in the most ancient writings that have descended to us; the plague of Athens, as described by Thucydides, we shall find to be the prototype of what still occasionally takes place in Egypt and along the Barbary coast; and even the leprosy of the Levitical law, so minutely described by Moses, will be found, when the passage is closely and accurately rendered, still to retain its hold in the east, and to exhibit even the very same modifications as are noticed by the Hebrew legislator, and have been interme→ diately assigned to it by Celsus." According to the "Table of Classification," we have six classes; under which there are also arranged, orders, genera, and species. CLASS I. Coeliaca-Diseases of the digestive function. II. Pneumatica-Diseases of the respiratory function. IV. Neurotica-Diseases of the nervous function. V. Genetica-Diseases of the sexual function. VI. Eccritica-Diseases of the exceruent function. While these form the general leading classes, there are about 20 orders, 120 genera, and 440 species in the whole. To each of the classes is prefixed a "Physiological Proem," judiciously and intelligently written. CLASS THE FIRST. "The diseases of the digestive function form the first class in the Nosological system about to be unfolded; and to these, from the Greek term KOIAIA, alvus, venter, or the lower belly, I have applied the classic name of Cœliaca. "By an easy and natural arrangement, this class is divisible into two orders; the first embracing those disorders which affect the alimentary canal; and the second, those which affect the auxiliary viscera. The former I have distinguished by the term Enterica; and the latter, by the term Splanchenia, both of which are Greek adjectives; the one being a derivation from Evrɛpov, intestinum, alvus; and the other from onλayɣνov, viscus, a bowel or entrail." The former of these orders embraces the following genera The latter of these orders has only the following genera :- Yellow Jaundice Black Jaundice Gall Stone, and with Species. Visceral Turgescence On Spec. 7 of Gen. 5, in Order I. appear the following observations: "Generally speaking, the tenderest food is that of the gallinaceous birds; then that of the ungulated quadrupeds, among which the stag or cervus kind claim the pre-eminence; and to this succeed the ox, sheep, and hare, in the order in which they are here placed. Yet it should be observed, that the last, though less nutritive than the preceding, is more easily digested than several of them; as it should also, that the flesh of animals in their wild or native state, though less coveted by a pampered palate, offers a more wholesome and digestible aliment, and is more perfectly animalised, than that of animals cooped up and fattened for the table. Below the hare, we may place the web-footed birds that are ordinarily brought to market; and below these, the oyster and lobster tribes; and lastly, the numerous genera of fishes. The simpler the cookery of all these the better; for the complicated processes employed to give new forms to the productions of nature, or even to break down for the use of the stomach, and thus keep the masticatory organs in a state of indolence, injure instead of promote the health of a dyspeptic patient." Under Gen. IX. it is stated,-"The term cholera is of ancient use, for we trace it in the writings of Hippocrates; Celsus derives it from yoλn and pɛw, literally bile flux. It stands alone in Celsus and Galen; and if a disjunctive adjunct (morbus') were not necessary in their days, it must be wholly superfluous in our's." Gen. 1 of Order II. is called " Icterus," Tɛpoc, which is the Hebrew term with a formative, producing, icter, and importing as a verb, to surround, circumfuse, encompass; and as a noun, a royal crown, or golden diadem.” 46 CLASS THE SECOND. The respiratory function is maintained by a current of air, alternately thrown into and out of the chest, and is subservient to two important purposes: that of furnishing us with speech, or the means of vocally communicating and interchanging our ideas; and that of carrying off from the blood a gas recrementory and deleterious to life, and possibly of introducing in its stead one or more gases indispensable to animal existence. These two purposes lay a foundation for the two orders into which the class is divided; the first entitled Phonica, comprising the diseases affecting the vocal avenues; and the second, Pereumonica, comprising those affecting the lungs, their membranes or motive power. "From various concurrent facts, ventriloquism appears to be an imitative art, founded on a close attention to the almost infinite variety of tones, articulations, and inflexions, which the glottis is capable of producing in its own region alone, when long and dexterously practised upon; and a skilful modification of these vocal sounds, thus limited to the glottis, into mimic speech, passed for the most part, and whenever necessary, through the cavity of the nostrils instead of through the mouth. It is possible, however, though no opportunity has hitherto occurred of proving the fact by dissection, that those who learn this art with facility, and carry it to perfection, possess some peculiarity in the structure of the glottis, and particularly in respect to its muscles or cartileges." Order II. comprises four genera, which are in English styled Running at the Nose, Rattling in the Throat, Dissouant Voice, and Dissonant speech. Speechlessness: : Polypus: |