126. stagna refusa, i.e. the still waters beneath were forced forth upon the surface. — vadis, abl. of separation (§ 243; G. 388, r.3; H. 414, N.'). — commotus, disturbed, inwardly; but as a god he must be represented with placidum caput.— alto (locative abl, or possibly abl. of separation).

127. unda (abl. of separation).

128. aequore, compare v. 29.

129. caeli ruina (root in ruo, to dash; German, stürzen), the wreck of the sky the violent storm of rain is regarded as an actual downfall of the sky itself.

130. fratrem, obj. of latuere, were hid from (§ 239, d; G. 329, R.'; H. 371). — doli, irae, her craft (known to him as her brother), and the wrath which was the motive of its exercise.

131. dehinc, a monosyllable.

132. generis fiducia vestri, confidence in your origin: the winds were the sons of Aurora and the Titan Astræus; and so on one side of divine origin, and on the other sprung from the rivais of the gods.

133. iam, at length, with the notion of a gradual progression, the regular force of the word.

134. miscere (§ 271; G. 424; H. 533). — tantas moles, i.e. such mighty billows.

135. quos ego: he leaves the threat to their imagination; he can spare no time for words. Such a break is called aposiopesis (p. 299), a sudden silence. - componere (§ 270; G. 423; H. 538).

136. post, hereafter; commissa, your misdeeds. - non simili poena (abl. of instrument), no penalty so light. -luetis, atone for the word signifies the payment of a debt or fine (the true meaning of poena). 139. sorte datum: Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto were said to have chosen their realms by lot, a notion probably suggested by the Roman mode of assigning provinces. Supply esse (§ 336; G. 653; H. 523, i.).

--

140. vestras though addressing Eurus, he includes them all. iactet se, let him display his arrogance.-aula: as a king, he must have his court somewhere.

141. clauso, i.e. reign over the winds imprisoned, without the power to let them loose. - dicto (§ 247, H. 417, N.5).

144. Cymothoe, a sea nymph, "she that runs upon the wave"; Triton, Neptune's trumpeter, blowing a conch-shell. These names are mentioned to suggest all the sea-divinities. — adnixus, pushing against the ships.

145. scopulo (abl, of separation). — levat, lifts, using the trident as a "lever."- tridenti (§ 87, a; G. 85, 2; H. 157, N.).

146. syrtis, the sand-banks piled against the ships; cf. v. 112.

147. levibus, light, skimming the surface. - rotis (§ 248; G. 403; H. 420).

148. veluti, just as: introducing the first and one of the most celebrated of Virgil's similes. The ferocity of a mob and the power of eloquence were things very familiar to the Romans. Hence the simile is proper, though generally the less vivid should be compared with the more vivid. magno in populo: the greater the crowd the more striking the effect. - saepe belongs properly to the whole idea, and so is equivalent to as often happens.

149. seditio, revolt, lit. a going apart (= se-itio). — animis, with passion; compare v. 56, note (§ 248; G. 401; H.419, iii.).— ignobile, mean or obscure (lit. of no recognizable standing: in-gnosco).

150. iam, see note, v. 133. — faces, fire-brands: Rome, being at that time largely built of wood, was very vulnerable to this favorite weapon of the mob.

151. tum, correl. with cum, v. 148. - gravem, of weight or influence.- - meritis, services (to the state).—si quem belong with virum.

152. conspexere, plur. because here the individuals are thought of, though a collective noun is used before. adstant, stand by, implying

attention.

153. regit... animos, sways their minds by words (addressed to their reason); pectora mulcet, calms their passion (whose seat is in the breast; compare note to v. 36). — mulcet: used originally of the stroking of an animal, and so of soothing the blind passion of the crowd.

154. fragor, crash of the breakers (frango).

155. caelo (locative abl.). — curru, old dative (§ 68; H. 116). ·

secundo (old participial form sequendo), following, i.e. gliding easily after the horses. (See Fig. 39.) 157. quae proxima the nearest, sc. erant.

158. vertuntur, turn : used in the reflexive or "middle" sense, which is expressed in English by the active form, and in Latin more commonly by the passive (§ III, N.'; G. 210;

H. 465). But the active

Fig. 39.

is also common in the same sense after Cicero's time; compare v. 104.

160. obiectu, interposition: "an island makes a port by interposing its shores, against which every billow breaks, and parts [running up] into deep coves (sinus). (For a similar harbor see Fig. 40.) - quibus, abl. of instrument (§ 248; G. 403; H. 420).

162. rupes, the rocky shore in general; scopuli, peaks or headlands ("look-outs," see v. 180, note). - gemini, twin, i.e. corresponding, one on each side. - minantur, tower. For the whole description cf. Od. xiii. 96; Bry. 117; also ix. 136; Bry. 164.

164. scaena, properly the decorated wall (frons scaenae) at the back of the stage in Roman theatres: here, the background of woods and hills as seen from the shore. (See Fig. 41.) silvis (abl. of quality, a dark forest with bristling shade (referring to the forms of the firs, etc.), like a scene with waving woods juts over from above.

165. umbra (abl. of manner).

166. scopulis, of rocks (abl. of quality), i.e. the cave is made by them. 167. aquae dulces, fresh water springs, opposed to amarae, brackish or salt. - vivo saxo (abl. of material, § 244; G. 396, 2), living rock i.e. in its natural site, and so sharing in the common life of nature.

168. fessas, weary, as if the ships felt the hardships they had undergone.

170. omni ex numero, twenty in all (v. 381): one was lost, and twelve were scattered but afterwards reappeared (v. 393).

171. amore (abl. of manner).

172. arena ($ 249; G. 405; H. 421, i.: originally an instrumental abl.).

173. sale tabentis,

dripping with brine (abl. of means).

Fig. 41.

174. silici, from flint (§ 229, c; G. 388, R.3; H. 385, 4).

175. foliis, dry leaves, used as tinder (§ 248; G. 403; H. 420).circum dedit, he put about it.

176. nutrimenta, any thing that would keep the spark alight, - chips, stubble, etc. (§ 225, d; G. 348; H. 384, 2).- rapuit, etc., he kin lled a blaze in dry fuel. The word seems to apply to the sudden bursting out of the blaze.- fomite, root in foveo (abl. of instrument).

177. Cererem, corn: identified with the goddess herself by the so-called figure, Metonymy (compare Ecl. vi. 15; Liv. xxii. 37). corruptam, damaged. arma, utensils, such as hand-mills (saxa), baking-pans, etc. 178. expediunt, fetch out from the ships. - fessi rerum, weary of their hardships: they are eager to catch ever so short a respite. For the genitive, see § 218, c; G. 374; H. 399, 3. - receptas, recovered from the sea.

179. torrere, to parch, before grinding or bruising (frangere): the wet grain would particularly need it.

180. scopulum conscendit, cf. Od. x. 146; Bry. 176: scopulus -(GKÓTEλoç, from GKOTE) is a rock suitable for a look-out, a borrowed word; the corresponding Latin form is speculum, with a different sense. Cf. v. 162, note.

181. pelago (locative abl.). Anthea (§ 63, f; G. 72; H. 68) si quem videat (indir. quest., § 334, f; G. 462, 2; H. 529, ii. N.'), [to see] if he can see any [thing of] Antheus.

183. Capyn, see references, v. 181, also § 63, g.-arma, shields, per

haps arranged in order along the quarter: but there is also an ornament on the high stern, evidently representing a shield, which may be meant here. (See Fig. 40.)

184. cervos, see Od. x. 158; Bry. 190.

187. hic, adverb.

188. tela (§ 201, d).

190. sternit, lays low.

191. miscet inter, disperses among.

193. fundat (§ 327, a; G. 579; H. 520, 2).

195. deinde (dissyl.) dividit, next he shares. - cadis onerarat, had laden in jars (dat., § 225, d; G. 348; II. 384, 2). Acestes: it is implied that they had stopped at Segesta and been entertained by Acestes on their way. This is not distinctly stated here, though implied in v. 34, because Eneas is to stop there again on his later voyage (Book v.).

196. heros, Acestes; see Od. ix. 196; Bry. 2, 7.

198. ignari, without knowledge. - ante, adverb equivalent to an adjective qualifying malorum, which is itself used as a noun (compare § 207, N., etc.; G. 440, 2; H. 443, N.3), a use common in Greek, and not very rare in Latin. Cf. Od. xii. 208; Bry. 249.

199. O passi graviora, ye who have suffered heavier woes; cf. Od. xx. 18; Bry. 20.

200. Scyllaeam, of Scylla (§ 190; G. 360, R.'; H. 395, N.).—rabiem,

204. discrimina rerum, crises: discrimen (root in cerno), prop

erly the decision, hence the turning-point.