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56. Describe the rock Borolanite, stating where it occurs and the rocks with which it is associated. What conclusions have been drawn from the presence of this rock and its associates in the position where they are found?

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SUBJECT XIII. MINERALOGY.

INSTRUCTIONS.

Read the General Instructions on page 3.

Stage 1.

You are permitted to answer six questions in all, of which Question 10 must be one.

The examination in this subject lasts for three hours.

1. Draw a crystal of Quartz, stating what forms are present in it. To what system do crystals of Quartz belong? Name two other minerals whose crystals belong to the same system.

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2. Describe two methods of determining the Specific Gravity of a mineral. (14) 3. Name the minerals which consist of Calcium Sulphate, Barium Sulphate, Strontium Sulphate and Magnesium Sulphate respectively, giving one characteristic property of each.

(14)

4. Explain what is meant by "Dimorphism " and "Trimorphism," giving examples.

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5. State what you know concerning the chemical composition of the Felspars, and the differences in chemical composition of various kinds of Felspar. (14) 6. Describe the crystalline form and other physical properties of Native Sulphur. Where and under what conditions is this mineral found? (14)

7. Describe the mineral Fluorspar-its chemical composition, crystalline form, and other physical properties; with its mode of occurrence and uses. (14)

8. Give an account of the principal minerals which are the sources of our supply of Copper.

(14)

9. Name the chief minerals which contain Mercury (Quicksilver), stating their properties and uses.

(14)

10. Name the three specimens placed before you; state the chemical composition of each, and the system in which it crystallises. Also make a qualitative blowpipe-analysis of each of the two powdered minerals supplied to you. State your results clearly; if any chemical symbols or abbreviations are used, write them distinctly.

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N.B. In the powdered minerals supplied, you are required to detect the presence of not more than two elements (Hydrogen and Oxygen excepted) in any one specimen.

Stage 2, Stage 3, and Honours.

You may take Stage 2 or Stage 3, or, if eligible, Honours, in accordance with the application which has been made, but you must confine yourself to one of them.

The examination in this subject lasts for three hours.

Stage 2.

You are not permitted to answer more than six questions. Questions 28 and 29 must be attempted. Two, but not more than two, questions may be taken from Series II.

SERIES I.

21. Describe geniculate and cruciform twins, giving examples of minerals exhibiting these two types of twinning. (28) 22. State what you know concerning the forms and contents of the cavities found in crystals of minerals. 23. What are "Hardness-figures," and how are they produced?

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24. What is meant by the "lustre" of a mineral? Show by the aid of examples what are the chief varieties of lustre relied upon for distinguishing minerals. (28)

25. Describe the various minerals which consist of hydrated ferric oxide. (28) 26. Give an account of the mineral Corundum-its crystallization, physical properties, chemical composition, varieties and

uses.

(28) 27. Illustrate, from the example of Aragonite crystals, the meaning of the term "Pseudo-symmetry," and give other instances of the occurrence of Pseudo-symmetry.

(28) 28. Describe the three models placed before you, giving a sketch of each to show which axis you place in an upright position In each case name a mineral that crystallises in the form shown.

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29. Name the three specimens placed before you; give the chemical composition of each, and the system in which it crystallises. Also make a qualitative blowpipe-analysis of each of the two powdered minerals supplied to you. Tabulate the results, stating how each is obtained; if any chemical symbols or abbreviations are used, write them distinctly. (60)

N.B. In the powdered minerals supplied, you should identify the three or four elements that may be present in each (in addition to hydrogen and oxygen).

SERIES II.

30. Describe the chemical composition, the physical characters and modes of occurrence of the minerals employed in making the "mantles" for "incandescent gas burners." (28) 31. Give an account of the chief minerals that are employed as ores of Silver. (28) 32. Give an account of the chemical and physical characters of Gypsum. Describe the chief varieties of that mineral, their mode of occurrence, and their uses in the arts. (28)

Stage 3.

You are permitted to answer only six questions in all, of which Question 48 must be one.

41. Describe one method of determining the Refractive Index of a mineral. (40) 42. State what is seen when a thick plate of quartz, cut at right angles to the principal axis of the crystal, is rotated between crossed Nicols (a) in parallel, (b) in convergent ⚫ polarised light. (40)

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uses.

43. Describe, with examples, the effects on the optical properties of minerals resulting from heating and cooling them. (40) 44. Describe the "Tourmaline-tongs" and explain its use in discriminating between gems. (40) 45. What are the minerals known as "Spinellids"? Name the chief minerals of this class, stating their composition and (40) 46. Give an account of the composition, characters and modes of occurrence of the chief minerals used as ores of Nickel. (40) 47. Name the minerals which contain Thorium and Tantalum respectively, and state the reason why especial attention has been directed to these minerals in recent years. 48. Name the four specimens placed before you; give the chemical composition of each, and the system in which it crystallises. Also make a complete qualitative blowpipeanalysis of each of the two powdered minerals supplied Tabulate the results, stating how each was

to you.
obtained.

(40)

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Honours.

You are permitted to answer only five questions in all, of which Question 67 must be one.

NOTE. No candidate will be credited with a success in this examination who has not obtained a previous success in Stage 3, or in Honours, of the same subject.

61. Describe the phenomenon of Pleochroism, as exhibited by different minerals, and illustrate its relations with crystalline form.

(65) 62. Describe the construction and mode of use of Miller's simple goniometer. (65) 63. Describe the composition of the various kinds of Pyroxene and show their relations to the corresponding Amphiboles. (65) 64. State what you know concerning the twinning of Quartz Crystals. (65) 65. Describe artificially and naturally "Etched Crystals," and explain the use of these features in determining the symmetry of their crystals.

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66. Give a detailed account of a microchemical method by which two easily confounded minerals may be distinguished from one another.

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67. Name the four specimens placed before you, accompanying each name by a brief mineralogical description of the species. Also make a complete blowpipe-analysis of each of the two powdered minerals supplied to you. the results, stating how each was obtained.

Tabulate

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SUBJECT XIV. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY.

INSTRUCTIONS.

Read the General Instructions on page 3.

An answer which deals with the essential points of the question in a clear and concise way will be valued more highly than one which is made long by the introduction of diffuse or irrelevant information.

Stage 1.

You are permitted to answer only eight questions.

The examination in this subject lasts for three hours.

1. What are the more obvious differences between blood and lymph? Describe the physiological purpose of each of these fluids.

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2. Describe, by means of an appropriate drawing, the distribution of the successive portions of the alimentary canal, naming the principal parts. What is the general nature of the tissues which compose its wall? (12)

3. Enumerate the food-stuffs of physiological importance which are contained in bread and in milk. What alterations are produced in bread when it is eaten and by what means are these brought about?

(12) 4. What do you understand to be the meaning of the statement that the blood circulates? Explain how such circulation is brought about and give any evidence of its existence obtainable in the living body.

(13)

5. Describe the position, general structure and functions of the diaphragm, illustrating your answer by appropriate dia

grams.

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6. What long bones are found in the human arm and leg respectively? Indicate by appropriate drawings their relative positions in each limb, and the way in which they are connected with the rest of the skeleton. Compare the two sets as regards freedom of movement and adaptability for their purpose ?

(13) 7. Describe the form, position and general structure of the liver. With what blood vessels is this organ connected and what are its chief functions?

(12) 8. In what forms do nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen leave the body? Make a drawing to show the relative position of the kidneys and the urinary bladder, and state the general nature of the tissues composing each of these organs. (12) 9. Explain why certain human movements are described as reflex actions. What structures are essential for their occurrence? Give examples of reflex actions occurring in your own body which involve the contraction of (a) voluntary and (b) involuntary muscles respectively.

(13)

10. Describe the general nature of the eyeball and its contents. What happens to the rays of light which traverse the eyeball? Illustrate your answer by appropriate diagrams.

(12)

Stage 2, Stage 3, and Honours.

You may take Stage 2, or, if eligible, Stage 3, or Honours, but you must confine yourself to one of them.

The examination in this subject lasts for three hours.

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