RULE 15. When in a sentence there is no finite verb, but only an infinitive, with a nom. case, expressed or understood, construe such an infinitive like an indicative, or some other finite mood, the nom. being construed in its proper place. RULE 16. When there occurs an accusative case and an inf. mood, quod or ut, being left out, construe the acc. first with the word that before it, because it is there virtually a nominative, and should therefore, with its adjuncts, be constru ed like a nom. before the verb. RULE 17. Words in apposition must be construed as near to one another as possible. RULE 18. All correspondent words must be construed as near to one another as possible. RULE 19. Generally construe every word in any clause you have entered on after the nom. case, before you proceed to another clause; beginning each clause, as you pass from one to another, with the nom. case and verb, if there be such in it, and finishing it according to Rule 1. RULE 20. An oblique case, unless it be an adjunct to the nom. should be construed after the verb; and when more oblique cases than one depend on the same word, construe accusatives before datives, datives before ablatives, and genitives, immediately after the words, which govern them. RULE 21. When sum is put for habeo, the English nominative is expressed in Latin by a dative, and the accusative by a nominative. In this case construe the dative first like a nominative, then the verb, as if declined from habeo, and then the nominative after the verb, like an accusative. RULE 22. By a very common ellipsis, the verb sum may be understood in any mood or tense: when it is so, it must be supplied in construing, as the sense requires. RULE 23. By a most elegant ellipsis, any finite verb may be understood, and inferred by reflection from another verb of the like import, actually expressed within the period. RULE 24. Adjectives are often elegantly used as adverbs; and are then joined with verbs in the construction, and rendered adverbially. THE GENERAL RULES OF CONSTRUCTION EXEMPLIFIED. CHAP. I. RULE 1.. CONSTRUE the nom. case first (with the words thereto belonging, if any) then the verb. Construe the Nom. Case first. The Nom. is in Italics. The verb in the active voice, Pres. Ind. Miles pugnat. Nos amamus. Imperfect Ind. did. Spirant venti. Ba Tu dormiebas. Ego legebam. Rudebat asinus. Fut. Ind. shall or will. Clamabit infans. Titubabunt equi. Vendent mercatores. Ludent ignavi. Nos audiemus. rient percontatores. Micabunt enses. Vos dicetis. Regent imperatores. Gar- Imp. Mood, let before the nom. case; as Magister, let the master. Laudato magister. Gaudento juvenes. Attendunto disci Præcedunto se puli. Discunto pueruli. Silento juniores. shall The verb in the passive voice, and in the different moods and tenses. is. were. has been. had been. be, &c. &c. as in the grammar. Fatigatur equus. Legebantur auctores. Provectus est humilis. Victi erant hostes. Christus adorabitur. Impii punientur. Fures suspenduntor. Supe bus contemnatur. Inhonesta amoveantur. Rex honoraretur. Leges observatæ sint. Libri perlecti essent. Pueri instituti erunt. Vitia suppressa fuerint. CHAP. II. CONSTRUE the nom. case first, with the words thereto belonging, if any; then the verb. The Nom. and its adjuncts are in Italics Note.-Words of various denominations may be adjuncts to the nom and must be construed before the verb. Thus adjuncts to the nom may be, I. One or more adjectives agreeing with it, by the second concord; as, 1. A single Adjective to be rendered before the substantive by R. 4. Boni pueri amantur. Mali pueri punientur. Vera virtus nobilitat. Lupus atrox interficiebatur. Præceptores nostri veniunt. Rosa pulchra cadet. Mare tumidum furit. Navigia vestra redibunt. 2. Two or more adjectives with a conjunction, all to be rendered before the substantive, by R. 4. Leges justa et inviclata prosunt. Fugit Lynx velox et måculosa. Libri utiles et ingeniosi legentur. Quercus äeria, patula, et glandifera nutat. Sævit in imicus, impius et atrox. Adjuvat vita innocens et inculpata. Nocet contentio præceps et petulans et insana. Bellum sævit armisonans, anceps et lethale. II. Adjuncts to the nom. may be other substantives in the same case, by apposition, or by conjunction. 1. By Apposition. Princeps Eugenius vicit. Cyrus, Rex Persicus expugnavit. Pecunia, irritamentum lethale, corrumpit. Invidia, triste tormentum, angit. Cicero, vir bonus et præstantissimus orator, exulabat. Claret Virgilius, delicia mea, vir summus et poeta fere divinus. 2. By Conjunction. Con Gavisi sunt vir et uxor. Meus pater et mater adorabant. Julius Casar, Pompeius et Crassus consentiebant. sentiebant Cæsar Octavianus, Antonius et Lepidus. Javant panis et potus. Ventus et vinum, fallacia et ebrietas, vis iræ et insidia nocent III. Adjuncts to the nom. may be a genitive, or any other oblique case, connected with that nominative. 1. Genitive. Laudetur Fallit amici Prodest timor Dei. Spes præmii solatur. Præteriti perieuli reminiscentia oblectat. Divitiarum, gloria et voluptatis amor vitiat. Hujus mundi cura contaminant. nomen Domini. Patris mei domus ædificatur. tia malorum. Agrorum viridantium color delectat. castellorum copiæ transducuntur. Omnium 2. Other Oblique Cases connected with the Nom. 1. Milites elati spe gaudebant. (Construe spe after elati, by R. 14.) 2. Milites elati spe victoria gaudebant. 3. Milites elati spe celeris victoria guadebant. 4. Milites elati spe celeris victoriæ et hostium fuga gaudebant. Cæsar. 1. Affectus solicitudine Casar erat profectus. 2. Magna affectus solicitudine Casar erat profectus. 3. Magna affectus solicitudine hoc nuncio Casar erat profectus. Cæsar. 1 Hostes turris ruind commoti fugiunt. 2. Hostes turris repentinâ ruinâ commoti fugiunt. 3. Hostes turris repentina ruinâ commoti, inopinato malo turbati fugiunt. 4. Hostes turris repentina ruinâ commoti, inopinato male turbati, deorum irá perculsi fugiunt. 5. Hostes turris repentina ruinâ commoti, inopinato malo turbati, deorum irá perculsi, urbis direptione perterriti fugiunt. Cæsar. 1. Iisdem temporibus Caius Curio in Africam profectus ex Cilicia, processit. 2. Iisdem temporibus, Caius Curio, in Africam profectus ex Cilicia, et jam copias Publii Attii Vari despiciens processit. 3. Iisdem temporibus, Caius Curio, in Africam profectus ex Cilicia, et jam ab initio copias Publii Attii Vari despiciens, processit. Casar. IV. Adjuncts to the nom. may be a relative with the constituent parts of the clause, or even a whole sentence; all to be construed before the principal verb; as, Deus, qui novit, compensabit. Deus, qui novit corda et cogitationes, compensabit. Tenuit consuetudo, quæ quotidie magis invalescit. quæ necessaria sunt, conquirantur. Vir et fœmina, quos heri videbas, sunt mortui. Ea, |