rent auderi adversus se tam exiguis copiis dimicare. be rendered by the same means more backward, when they found they durst engage them with so small a force. CHAP. V. At this time no CAP. V. Hoc in tempore nulla civitas Atheniensi- state was assisting to the Athebus auxilio fuit præter Pla- nians, besides the Platæensians : tæensium : ea mille misit that state sent a thousand solmilitum. Itaque horum ad- diers. Wherefore upon their arventu, decem millia arma- rival, they were ten thousand torum completa sum; quæ armed men complete; which armanus mirabili flagrabat my was fired with a wonderful pugnandi cupiditate: quo desire of fighting: by which factum est, ut plus quàm means it came to pass, that Milcollegæ Miltiades valuerit. tiades prevailed more than his Ejus enim auctoritate im- fellow commissioners. For the pulsi Athenienses copias ex Athenians, wrought upon by his urbe eduxerunt, locoque authority, drew their troops out i doneo castra fecerunt; de- of the city, and formed a camp in inde postero die sub montis a proper place; and then the day radicibus, acie è regione in- following having drawn up their structa, novâ arte, vi sum- army at the bottom of a mounma prælium commiserunt. tain over against the enemy, Namque arbores multis lo- with uncommon art, they joined cis erant stratæ, hoc consilio, battle with the utmost spirit. For ut et montium tegerentur there were trees laid in many altitudine, et arborum trac- places, with this design, that they tu equitatus hostium impe- might be covered by the height of diretur, ne multitudine the mountains, the enemy's horse clauderentur. Datis, etsi might be bindered by the lying of non locum æquum videbat tae trees, that they might not be suis, tamen fretus numero inclosed in their numbers. Datis copiarum suarum, conflige- although he saw the place was re cupiebat; eòque magis, not convenient for his men, yet quòd priusquam Lacedæ- depending upon the number of his monii subsidio venirent, di- troops, was desirous to engage; micare utile arbitrabatur. and the rather because he thought Itaque in aciem peditum it convenient to fight before the centum, equitum decem Lacedemonians came to their asmillia produxit præliumque sistance. Wherefore he drew out commissit. In quo tantò into the field a hundred thousand foot and thenienses, ut decemplicem joined battle. In which the Athenumerum hostium profliga- nians prevailed so much more by 'rent, adeoque perterrue- their bravery, that they routed ten runt, ut Persæ non castra, times the number of enemies, and sed naves peterent. Quâ so affrighted them, that the Perpugnâ nihil adhuc est nobi- sians did not make for their camp, liùs; nulla enim unquam but their ships. Than which fight tam exigua manus tantas there is nothing as yet more faopes prostravit. mous for no army so small ever routed so vast a force before. CAP. VI. Cujus victoriæ, CHAP. VI. For which non alienum videtur, quale victory, it does not seem improper præmium Miltiadi sit tribu- to mention what reward was tum docere; quo faciliùs given to Miltiades; that it may be intelligi possit, eandem omni- the more easily understood, that um civitatum esse naturam. the nature of all cities is the Ut enim populi nostri hono- same. For as the honours of res quondam fuerunt rari our people were formerly rare & tenues, ob eamque cau- and small, and for that reason sam gloriosi, nunc autem glorious, but now extravagant, effusi atque obsoleti; sic and worn thread-bare: thus we olim apud Athenienses fu- find it to have been formerly isse reperimus. Namque amongst the Athenians. For such huic Miltiadi, qui Athenas, was the honour paid to Miltiades, totamque Græciam libera- who delivered Athens, and all vit, talis honos tributus est, Greece, in the Piazza which is in portico, quæ Poecile voca- called Pacile, when the battle of tur, cùm pugna depingere Marathon was painted there, tur Marathonia; ut in de- that his picture was placed first cem prætorum numero pri- in the number of the ten commandma ejus imago poneretur, ers, and he encouraged the solisque hortaretur hortaretur milites, diers, and began the battle. The præliumque commiteret. same people, after they got a larIdem ille populus, postea- ger extent of dominion, and were quam majus imperium est corrupted by the extravagance of nactus, & largitione magis- their own magistrates, decreed tratuum corruptus est, tre- three hundred statues to Demetricentas statuas Demetrio s Phalereus. Phalereo decrevit. CAP. VII. Post hoc præ CHAP. VII. After this bat lium classem septuaginta na- tle, the Athenians gave the same vium Athenienses eidem Miltiades a fleet of seventy ships, Miltiadi dederunt, ut insu- that he might prosecute in war las, quæ barbaros adjuve- the ilsands that had assisted the rant, bello persequeretur. barbarians. In which command Q imperio plerasque ad he obliged most of them to return officium redire coëgit; non- to their duty; some he took by nullas vi expugnavit. Ex force. Not being able by persua his Parum insulum opibus sion to prevail upon one of these, elatam quum oratione re- the island Parus, elated by thir conciliare non posset, copias power, he drew his troops out of è navibus eduxit, urbem his ships, blocked up the city by operibus clausit, omniq; lines drawn round it,and depriv commeatu privavit; dein- ed it of all provisions; and then de vineis ac testudinibus having erected his Vince and constitutis, propiùs muros Testudos, came nearer the walls. accessit. Quum jam in eo When he was upon the point of esset, ut oppido potiretur, taking the town, a grove et a procul in continenti lucus, distance upon the continent, which qui ex insulæ conspiciebatur, was visible from the island, by I nescio quo casu, nocturno knew not what chance, was set tempore incensus est; cujus on fire in the night-time; flamma ut ab oppidanis et flame of which being seen by the oppugnatoribus est visa, townsmen and the besiegers, it utriusque venit in opinio- came into the fancy of both, that it nem, signum à classiariis was a signal given by those on regiis datumq; quo factum board the King's Fleet; by which ́est, ut et Parii à deditione it came to pass, that both the Paqeterrerentur, & Miltiades, rians were dissuaded from surrentimens ne classis regia ad- dering, and Miltiades, fearing ventaret, incensis operibus, lest the King's Fleet was coming, quæ statuerat, cum totidem setting fire to the works he had navibus atque erat profec- erected, returned to Athens, to the tus, Athenas magna cum great offence of his countrymen, offensione civium suorum with as many ships as he went out rediret. Accusatus ergo with. Wherefore he was improditionis, quòd cùm Pa- peached of treachery, because, rum expugnare posset, à re- when he might have taken Parus, ge corruptus, infectis rebus being bribed by the King of Persia, the pugna discessisset. Eo he had quitted the siege without tempore æger erat vulneri- doing his work. He was at that bus, quæ in oppugnando time ill of the wounds which he oppido acceperat. Itaque had received in attacking the town. quoniam ipse pro se dicere Whe efore, because he could not non posset, verba pro eo fe- speak for himself, his brother Tis=cit frater ejus Tisagoras. agoras spoke for him. Upon hearing his cause, being acquitted as to life, he was fined a sum of money, and his fine was set at fifty talents, which was the charge they had been at in fitting out the fleet.. Because he could not pay the money, he was thrown into the public jail, and there he ended his last day. CHAP. VIII. Causâ cognitâ, capitis absolutus, pecuni mulctatus est, eaq; iis quinquaginta talentis æstimata est, quantus in classem sumtus factus erat. Hanc pecuniam quòd solvere non poterat, in vincula publica conjectus est, ibiq; diem obiît supremum. Altho' he was CAP, VIII. Hic etsi crimine Pario est accusatus, ta- accused upon his miscarriage at men alia fuit causa damna- Parus, yet there was another reationis. Namque Atheni-son of his condemnation. For the enses, propter Pisistrati ty- Athenians, because of the usurparannidem, quæ paucis annis tion of Pisistratus, which hadhapantè fuerat, omnium suo- pened a few years before, dreaded rum civium potentiam ex- the power of all their own cititimescebant. Miltiades zens. Miltiades, having been much multùm in imperiis magi- in command, and civil offices, did stratibusque versatus, non not seem capable of being a private videbatur posse esse priva- person, especially since he seemed to tus, præsertim cum consu- bedragged by custom into a fondness' etudine ad imperii cupidi- for power. For he had held, tatem trahi videretur. Nam without intermission, the soverChersonesi, omnes illos quos eignty of the Chersonese all the habitârat annos, perpetuam years he had lived there, and had obtinuerat dominationem, been called a tyrant, but was a tyrannusque fuerat appella- just one: for he had not compassed tus, sed justus : non erat his power by violence, but by the enim vi consecutus, sed suo- consent of his countrymen, and hød rum voluntate; eamque po- kept his authority by his goodness. testatem bonitate retinuerat. But all are both accounted and callOmnes autem et habentur ed tyrants, who are invested et dicuntur tyranni, qui po- with power for life, in a state testate sunt perpetuâ in eâ which had before enjoyed liberty. civitate, quæ libertate usa But there was in Miltiades, both est. Sed in Miltiade erat the greatest humanity, and a woncùm summa humanitas, de ful complaisance, that nobody tum mira comitas, ut nemo was so mean,to whom access to him tam humilis esset, cui non was not always allowed. His ad eum aditus pateret. authority was great amongst all Magna auctoritas apud om- the cities of Greece, his name was nes civitates, nobile nomen. famous, and his reputation for laus rei militaris maxima. military affairs very considerable. Hæc populus respiciens ma- The people, considering these luit eum innoxium plecti, things, chose rather to have him quam se diutius esse in ti- punished, though innocent, than to any longer in fear of him. more. be M. PORCIUS CATO. M. PORCIUS CATO. CHAP I. CATO ortus municipio CATO was born in the BorTusculo, Adolescentulus, ough Town of Tusculum, and priusquam honoribus ope- when a very young man, before ram daret, versatus est in he made suit for any public posts Sabinis, quòd ibi hæredium in the government, lived in the à patre relictum habebat. country of the Sabines, because Hortatu L. Valerii Flacci, he had an estate there, left him by quem in consulatu censurâ- his father. By the advice of L. que habuit collegam, ut M. Valerius Flaccus, whom he had Perpenna Censorinus narra- for his colleague in the Consulre solitus est, Romam de- ship and Censorship, as M. Permigravit, in foro esse cœpit. penna Censorinus used to say, he Primum stipendium meruit removed to Rome, and began to annorum decem septemque, appear in the Forum. He first Q. Fabio Maximo, M. entered the service of his country Claudio Marcello Coss. Tri- in the wars, when he was sevenbunus militum in Sicilià teen years of age, under the Confuit. Inde ut rediît, castra suls Q. Fabius Maximus and secutus est C. Claudii Nero- M. Claudius Marcellus. He was nis, magnique opera ejus a Tribune of soldiers in Sicily. æstimata est in prælio apud As soon as he came from thence, he Senam, quo cedidit Has- followed the camp of C. Claudius drubal frater Hannibalis. Nero, and his service was highly Quæstor obtigit P. Cornelio valued in the bat le at Sera, in Africano consuli, cum quo which Hasdrubal, the brother of non pro sortis necessitudine Hannibal, fel. He happened to vixit; namque ab eo per- be Questor to P. Cornelius Scipio |