Arrange the secretions and excretions according to their reactions with test-paper. 181, et postea.

What are the proximate constituents of milk? Describe their chemical properties and composition. 181.

Describe the secreting structure of the liver; give an account of the composition and uses of the bile; and state what is known of the changes produced in the composition of the blood during its passage through the portal cieculation. 186.

What is ascertained as to the functions of the liver, the chemical constitution of the bile, and the uses of that secretion in the animal economy?

189.

What is glycogen? Detail the arguments for and against the position that the liver is normally a sugar-forming apparatus. 191. Describe the principal varieties in the structure of the kidney, and in the mode in which it is supplied with blood, in the different classes of vertebrata; and give an account of the history of its development in man. 196.

What changes does the blood undergo in passing through the kidney? or, in other words, in what respect does the blood in the emulgent veins differ from that in the renal artery? How may Professor Graham's doctrine of dialysis be applied in explanation of the mode in which the urinary products are eliminated? Describe the muscular structure connected with the membraneous part of the urethra, and specify its action on the urethral tube. 202.

What are the proximate components of the human urine, in health, and in disease? Give the formula of their ultimate composition. 206.

What are the best means of determining the quantity of urea in healthy urine, and of saccharine matter in cases of diabetes? 208.

Describe the external and chemical characters of the varieties of urinary calculi; the composition and properties of their proximate components; and explain the chemical principles upon which the medical treatment of calculous disorders is founded. 232.

Enumerate the principal remedies employed as diuretics. Explain the different modes by which they are supposed to operate, aud the circumstances by which their selection should be determined. 234.

DUCTLESS GLANDS.

What organs of the human body may be comprehended under the name of" ductless glands?" 237.

Describe the minute structure of the spleen; the principal diversities it presents among different animals; the peculiarities of

splenic blood under various circumstances; and the inferences as to the function of the organ which you would base on these facts. 237. Describe the structure of the spleen; enumerate the other organs which, more or less, resemble it, and state in what class of animals a spleen is found. 237.

Describe the situation, form, and internal structure of the suprarenal body; also the source and mode of distribution of its bloodvessels and nerves. 240.

INNERVATION.

Give an account of the more important physical and physiological properties of nerve: under the former head include a statement of what is known with regard to the electrical phenomena exhibited by nerves, and the influence of electrical currents on innervation. Under the latter, state by what experiments the motor and sensory functions of nerves, the reflecting power of the spinal cord, and the direct influence of the nervous system upon the state of the heart and vessels have been demonstrated. Add any experimental evidence with which you may be acquainted, tending to prove the direct influence of the nervous system on secretion. 249.

Point out the essential conditions upon which the maintenance of the irritability in nerves depends; and mention experiments proving certain conditions to be indispensable. Also, describe the changes which take place in the peripheral and central portions of a divided nerve, a short time after its division. 252.

Give an account of the electric phenomena exhibited by muscles and nerves, in the state of repose and during the exercise of their

functions. 255.

Describe the structure of the electrical organ found in certain fishes, and give an account of the electrical phenomena exhibited by these animals, with the views entertained as to the mode in which the electricity is developed. 256.

Describe the structure and functions of the spinal cord (not including the medulla oblongata); and state what has been determined, experimentally, with regard to the transmission of sensory and motor impressions through it. 264.

Describe the structure, obvious and microscopic, of a spinal nerve and its ganglion. By what evidence is it shown that one root of a spinal nerve is motor and the other sensory? 271.

Describe the structure of the medulla oblongata, its connexion with other parts of the encephalon and with the spinal cord, and the mode of origin of the several nerves attached to it; and state what is the present state of our knowledge of the functions of its several parts. 274.

State what you consider to be the functions of the cerebellum, and give the grounds of your belief. 278.

State what inferences as to the functions of the different parts of the encephalon may be drawn from the results of experiments on that organ, and from a comparison of its structure in different orders of animals, mentioning the principal facts on which such inferences are founded. 284.

Give an account of the sympathetic system of nerves, and define the functions over which it presides. What is its general arrangement in the different classes of vertebrate animals, and how is it represented among the invertebrate? 289.

What is the intimate composition of the ganglionic system of nerves? State the distinctive properties of organic nervous matter. In what structures is its presence to be detected, and what are its functions in the animal economy? 289.

What do you consider to be the degree of dependence of nutrition and secretion upon the nervous system; and what are the grounds of your belief? 293.

What is the evidence that particular parts of the cerebro-spinal nervous axis act as nervous centres for particular parts of the vascular system? State what is known respecting the influence of the nervous system in relation to animal heat? 293.

MOTION.

Describe the nature of ciliary action; enumerate the classes of animals in which it is the sole means of effecting the change of the respiratory medium; and state the extent to which it is employed for respiratory and other purposes in the human system. 297.

Describe the structure, chemical composition, properties, and mode of development and repair of the white and yellow fibrous tissues; and give an account of their general distribution in the human body, and of the functions to which they are respectively subservient. 298.

Give an account of the cellular or areolar tissue; describing its structure, its physical and vital properties and chemical composition, the varieties which it presents in different parts, and its mode of distribution in the body. 299.

Give an account of the structure of the adipose tissue, its distribution in the body, and the purposes it serves in the animal economy. 300.

Give an account of the physical and chemical characters, intimate structure, vital properties, and mode of nutrition of the several varieties of cartilage, including fibro-cartilage, and explain the purposes which they serve in the animal body. 301.

Give an account of the form and structure of serous membranes in general, the nature of their secretion, and the purposes which they serve. 303.

Classify the various kinds of joints in the human body, giving an instance of and describing the mechanical properties peculiar to each kind. 305.

Give an account of the minute structure and chemical composition of bone; describe the mode of its first formation and subsequent increase; and state the chief diversities which it presents in different classes of animals. 306.

What are the proximate components of recent human bone, and how are they quantitatively determined? 307.

Explain the following points respecting the non-striated muscular tissue, viz. :-the parts of the body in which it occurs, its aspect and mode of arrangement as apparent to the naked eye, its microscopic characters and the differences which it presents in different situations. 312.

Enumerate the tissues which enter into the formation of a voluntary muscle, and describe their structure, their arrangement in the muscle, their mechanical and vital properties, chemical composition and uses. State briefly the conditions and phenomena of muscular

What is the structure of the different kinds of contractile tissue? State the arguments for and against the existence of a vis insita, or inherent contractile power in muscle. 313.

Analyse the process of walking in man; explaining the character of the forces which are brought into play, of the levers through which they act, and the conditions which regulate the rhythm of the natural pace of any given man. 322.

VOICE.

In what manner are the vocal sounds produced in the larynx; upon what acoustic principles may their production be explained, and in what way are they modified by the actions of the several muscles, which form part of the laryngeal apparatus ? 324.

SPECIAL SENSES.

Describe the secreting apparatus of the skin, and the respective functions of its different glandulæ; and state the purposes of the cutaneous exhalation in the general economy, with the principal conditions of its variation. 337.

What is the structure of the human hair, and how is it developed? 334.

Give an account of the form, structure, connexion, and mode of growth of the nails.

333.

Give an account of that part of the integument named the "true skin;" describing its texture and chemical composition, the papillæ and furrows on its surface, the arrangement of its bloodvessels and lymphatics, and the mode of termination of the cutaneous nerves. By what means may the skin's sensibility in different parts be compared; and what is the general result of such comparison? 335.

What are the corpuscula tactus? What functions have been ascribed to them? and how may the delicacy of the sense of touch in different parts of the body be estimated? 336.

What is the nature of the muscular sense; and what share does it take in the performance of voluntary movements?

336.

Describe the origin and general distribution of the fifth pair of cranial nerves, with the attributes of its principal sub-division; and state the effects of the intra-cranial section of its trunk. 345.

What is the structure of the Human Tongue? and on what evidence do the received views as to the functions of its nerves rest? 342.

What are the nerves by which the tongue is supplied; and what may probably be inferred from their distribution, from experiment, and from pathological observation, as to their respective functions? Describe the structure and the probable uses of the different kinds of lingual papillæ, in man and other animals. 345.

Describe the structure of the organs of smell in man, noting the peculiarities of the olfactory nerve, and explaining the mechanism by which odorous particles are brought into contact with the Schneiderian membrane. 349.

Describe the structure of the eyeball, and explain the uses of its several parts. 358.

Give an account of the structure and arrangement of the choroid coat and iris; mentioning briefly the uses assigned to these parts of the organ of vision. 361.

How is the human eye adapted to distinct vision at different distances, and how does vision enable us to distinguish between superficial figures and solids? 375.

Describe and account for the various catoptric phenomena exhibited in the human eye; and the differences observed in some of these phenomena when the eye is adjusted to distant and to near vision. 376.

Why do the eyes of cats shine in comparative darkness? State what becomes of a ray of light which enters the human eye, and explain the principle of the ophthalmoscope. In what way is it possible to see the retinal vessels and the macula lutea in one's own eye? What appearances do they present? why is it possible that the "columnar layer" is the immediate recipient of luminous im