What are the chief points of structural difference between man and the higher quadrumana? 20.

Compare and contrast the human brain and skull with those of the higher apes. 20.

Explain the principle of homology, as manifested in the construction of the vertebrate skeleton, and give examples in illustration. 24.

Describe the elements of a typical vertebra according to Prof. Owen; show how these are arranged in a dorsal vertebra of man; and enumerate the constituent parts of the neural arches of the cranial vertebræ, according to the ordinary anatomical nomenclature. 25.

CHEMISTRY OF MAN.

What is the source of fat, and what are its uses in the human economy? 43 et postea.

Enumerate and classify the proximate principles found in animal bodies, and point out the chemical peculiarities by which they are distinguished from other organic compounds. 45.

State the chemical composition and relations of albumen and fibrin ? 46.

What organic compounds predominate in muscle, connective tissue, bone, cartilage, and nervous tissue respectively? 47 et postea.

DIGESTION.

What are the sources of the demand in aliment for the human body; and what are the principal conditions by which that demand is regulated? 51.

Draw a comparison between the chemical physiology of vegetables and that of animals. 51.

Mention the chief alimentary principles of human food; state the purposes which they severally fulfil in the process of nutrition, and describe the changes which they undergo in digestion, pointing out the agencies by which those changes are effected. 52.

Classify the proximate constituents of a piece of bread under the two heads of "nutritious" and "non-nutritious." Suppose the piece of bread to be eaten, and trace out the changes which it undergoes in its passage from one end of the nutritious canal to the other. 58.

Enumerate the principal classes of alimentary materials; state the purposes to which they are severally subservient in the economy; mention the chief proximate components of bread, meat, potatoes, milk, rice, and arrow root; and state the quantity of food ordinarily requisite to maintain the human system in vigorous action. 59.

Describe and explain the effects which ensue on totally depriv

ing an animal of food. What differences are observed among animals, as to their power of enduring abstinence from food, and how are such differences accounted for? 61.

Describe the principal stages of the digestive process, in its relation to each of the most important proximate principles of human food; distinguishing the share taken by each of the principal secretions concerned in it. 63.

Give an account of the structure and properties of mucous membrane in general; and describe that of the stomach, and of the small and large intestines in particular: the description to include an account of the ultimate arrangement of the blood-vessels, the epithelium, the follicles of Lieberkühn and the glands of Brunner and Peyer. 64.

Describe the external configuration and the position of the teeth of the adult and their internal structure, so far as it can be discerned with the naked eye. 65.

Give a general account of the history of the development of the human teeth, both of the temporary and permanent series; point out the analogies between its successive stages and the modes of dentition of the lower vertebrata; and describe the organic structure and chemical composition of the dentine, enamel, andcementum. 69.

What are the nerves concerned in the act of deglutition; and what are the inferences you might draw from the circumstances under which that act may be performed (as shown in states of disease, and by experimental inquiries), with regard to the nature of reflex action in general? 76.

Describe the structure of all the glands which are connected with the alimentary canal of man, except the salivary, hepatic, and pancreatic; and give an account of the known or supposed functions of each? 88.

What influence do the nerves exert over the digestive functions of the stomach, and in what respects does artificial digestion differ in its results from that effected in the living animal? 80.

State the composition of the gastric juice and explain the theory of its action?

79.

Describe the process of digestion and of the absorption of its products, in the case of-1, wheaten bread; 2, meat; 3, milk. 81.

Describe the duodenum, more particularly with reference to the minute structure and functions of its different coats; the nature of the secretions which are poured into the intestinal canal at this part, and their influence on the process of digestion? 84.

Describe the minute structure of any part of the small intestine of man from the free mucous to the free serous surface; and give an account of the functions of the component organs of the part. 87.

Describe the structure and arrangement of the mucous membrane of the intestines, pointing out the characters it presents in different parts of the canal. 87.

Suppose a healthy man to be dieted on bread, fat meat, and water, of what substances would his fæces consist, and whence would they be derived? 92.

ABSORPTION.

Explain the process of absorption in animal bodies, noticing the principal theories that have been entertained respecting it; mention the circumstances or conditions by which its rapidity is influenced and enter fully into the explanation of the phenomena of osmosis. 94.

Describe the endosmotic or exosmotic effects of strong and weak saline solutions introduced into the alimentary canal and the practical inferences to be deduced therefrom, as to the use of saline cathartics and diuretics, also the endosmotic or exosmotic effects of water and of saline substances introduced into the blood, on the blood corpuscles. 97.

What appear to be the relative functions of the absorbent and sanguiferous vessels in the absorption of nutritive and other substances from the alimentary canal; what difference exists in this respect between vertebrated and invertebrated animal; and how far may the act of absorption be explained on physical principles ? 100.

State the properties of chyle, and point out the differences between the composition of that fluid and of the blood. 101.

Compare and contrast the physical and chemical properties of chyle, lymph, and blood. 104.

Give an account of the structure of lymphatic vessels, describing their structure, and that of a lymphatic gland, their mode of origin, general course, and termination.

102.

What are the probable functions of the absorbent system, as inferred from its structure, its distribution, and its comparative anatomy, as well as from experimental investigation? 104.

BLOOD.

Give an account of the red corpuscles of the blood, describing their figure, size, structure, and chemical nature, with the chief differences they present in different vertebrated animals; state also what is the average proportion of red corpuscles in human blood, and what variations are observed according to age, sex, and other circumstances. 107, &c.

Describe the physical and chemical characters of the blood in man, and the changes it undergoes when removed from the course

of circulation both within and without the body; and state the conditions by which its coagulation is effected in either case respectively. 116.

Enumerate the principal proximate constituents of the blood, and of muscle; give the empyric or elementary formulæ of those constituents; and state to what substances the alkalinity of blood and the acidity of muscle may be ascribed.

116.

State the proximate chemical composition of the human blood, and point out the differences between arterial, ordinary venous, and portal blood, and the cause of these differences.

118.

Give an account of the histological structure of the heart-its movements, and the mechanical import of its different parts-in the adult, and describe the changes which it undergoes in the fœtus. 126.

Give an account of the principal theories that have been proposed to explain the coagulation of the blood. What appears to you the most probable? And why? 120.

CIRCULATION.

Describe the form, structure, and connexions of the different valves in the heart and great arteries, and explain briefly the mode in which they perform their office. 120.

Describe the structure and explain the mechanism of the different valves placed between the auricles and the ventricles of the heart, at the orifices of the aorta and pulmonary artery, and in the veins. What veins are known to be destitute of valves, and in what veins are they most numerous ? 127.

What is the nature of the arterial pulse; and what are the conditions which (within the range of ordinary health) have most influence upon its rate and character?

136.

Give an account of the structure and properties, physical and vital, of a middle-sized artery. 138.

Give an account of the structure of the walls of the larger and smaller arteries, veins, lymphatics, and capillaries. 138.

In what manner is the circulation of blood through the arteries modified by the properties of their walls? 141.

Describe the distinctive structural peculiarities of the arteries, capillaries, and veins in man. In which of the lower animals are there no capillaries, the arteries and veins being united by "lacunæ" or by the general cavity of the body? 143.

Describe the circulation of the blood through the capillaries at the periphery of the body, and the agencies by which it is sustained.

145.

How do the veins commence, and where do they terminate? What is peculiar in the vena porta? Describe the structure and

mechanism of the valves of the veins, and explain by what means the blood is moved through these vessels? 148.

In what manner and degree does the velocity of the blood's motion differ in different parts of the sanguiferous system; and to what causes are these differences to be ascribed? State what you conceive to be the forces by which the impulsive power of the heart is assisted, modified, or resisted, in the several parts of the vascular system. 149.

RESPIRATION.

What is the structure of the trachea, bronchi, and pulmonary cells? Describe the mechanism of the respiratory act, and the changes undergone by the air inspired. 151.

Describe the ultimate structure of the human lung; explain the mechanism of inspiration and expiration; and give an account of the physical process by which the exchange of gaseous constituents between the blood and the atmosphere is effected. 153.

Give an account of the mechanism of respiration in man; enumerating the muscles and nerves chiefly concerned in the respiratory movements, the action of each, and the nature and degree of the resistance to be overcome; stating the proportion of the whole volume of air in the lungs which is renewed at an ordinary act of respiration; and showing how its entire mass is affected by this interchange. 154.

To what actions within the body does the oxygen introduced by the respiratory process ordinarily become subservient; and what are the effects of a prolonged deficiency of oxygenation upon the composition of the urine? 162.

In what way is the circulation of the blood affected by suspension of the respiratory process in a warm-blooded animal; and what is the immediate cause of death, if that suspension be continued?

166.

Give a general account of the mode in which the vital action is influenced by heat; illustrating it by examples drawn from coldblooded animals, and from warm-blooded animals in the states of hybernation and starvation? 170.

To what orders do most of the hybernating mammals belong? Give examples; and describe the conditions of their functions during hybernation. 170.

SECRETION.

Enumerate the various excretions, indicating the average daily amount of each in a healthy adult man; and point out the sources whence they are derived, and the channels through which they are eliminated.

177.