Give an account of the changes which the alimentary mass undergoes from its passage through the pyloric valve, until its arrival at the ilio-cœcal aperture

89.

Enumerate the glandular secretions which are poured out upon the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, and describe more particularly the proper intestinal glands. 89, 99.

ABSORPTION.

Through what channel, and in obedience to what physical law, are matters in a state of perfect solution, and water, said to be introduced into the system? 94.

Mention the experiments of Magendie, in order to prove venous imbibition or absorption.

Does absorption take place from the stomach in vertebrata? if so, state its nature and how the fact has been proved. 96.

To whom do you attribute the discovery of the lacteals? Give an account of the structure and office of this division of the absorbent system. 99.

Explain the modern theory of lacteal absorption, and point out the differences between the theories of Goodsir and Kölliker. 99. What are the conditions which either promote or retard the entrance of poisonous substances into the sanguiferous system? 96.

To what circumstances is the milky colour of the contents of the lacteals due? 101.

Give a general description of the lymphatic system. 101.

Mention the more remarkable opinions which have been held as to the functions of the lymphatic vessels. 104.

BLOOD.

Are you aware of any facts which prove the impropriety of performing an operation likely to be attended with much loss of blood on an animal while fasting? 106.

Describe the red corpuscles in man, fishes, and reptiles. 107. Certain red corpuscles of the blood present the following characters:

(a.) Of large size, elliptical nucleated,

(b.) Nearly circular nucleated.

(c.) Circular and non-nucleated.

(d.) Elliptical and non-nucleated.

Circular non-nucleated, very small, one-third the diameter of the human corpuscles.

Can you say to what animal or class of animals each variety probably belongs? 108.

Prove their cell nature, and explain their functions. 109.

The change of colour in the blood during respiration has been ascribed to a change in the state of the iron in the hæmatine produced by the contact of gases with the blood; how has this opinion been refuted, and to what other cause has this change in colour been attributed? 110.

The peculiar colour of the hæmatine in the red corpuscles of the blood has been supposed to depend on the iron it contains; has this been denied; if so, by whom, and on what grounds? 110.

How has it been proved that the alterations in the colour of the blood caused by submitting it alternately to the influence of oxygen and carbonic acid gases, are more due to change of form than of composition? 110.

Contrast the red and white globules of the blood.

112.

What effect has starvation upon the quantity of fibrin contained in the blood?

115.

How are the elements of the blood combined?

(a.) In circulating blood.

(b.) In coagulated blood.

118.

Is there any exception to the general law which establishes a relation between the number of red corpuscles in the blood, and the activity of the respiratory process?

Under what conditions of health is the blood in certain veins of a scarlet colour?

118.

Describe the changes which take place during the coagulation of the blood, and the circumstances which accelerate or retard the process; and also the causes said to produce the condition called buffy coat. 119.

What prevents the coagulation of circulating blood? 121.

Is there any peculiarity in the blood drawn by a leech which partially accounts for the difficulty in arresting the bleeding from a leech bite? 120.

Mention some reasons in support of Mr. Hunter's opinion, that "the coagulation of the blood is an operation of life," or a process of organization. 120.

Do the globules present any peculiar appearance in inflammatory blood, or do they appear to have any influence in forming the buffy coat? 122.

Explain the appearance of inflammatory blood, and the cause of the "buffy coat." 122, et postea.

In the operation of transfusion of blood, is it of any consequence whether the animal from which the blood is drawn be fasting or in a state of repletion? 123.

CIRCULATION.

What objects are fulfilled by the function of circulation? 124.

State, briefly, the principal facts connected with the discovery of the circulation of the blood; the discoverer; the facts which led to the discovery; the proofs on which it rested; and the additions to those early discoveries made at subsequent periods.

125.

How do you prove the circulation of the blood? 125.

Describe the general arrangement of the muscular fibres of the heart, and their microscopic characters. 126.

Give a description of the valves of the heart, and explain their functions. 127.

Explain the "safety valve" function of the tricuspid valve. 128. Describe the sensible phenomena which attend the action of the heart. 130.

Describe the structure and office of the aortic valves. 128.

Describe the sounds of the heart, their rhythm, and their supposed origin. 130.

What do physiologists generally consider to be the causes which produce the first sound of the heart? 131.

Is the heart the sole agent in carrying on the circulation of the blood? 135.

How would you refute the doctrine that the heart is the sole cause of the circulation of the blood?

135.

Give an explanation of the arterial pulse; mention some observations made with a view to determine its cause; describe the varieties in its condition under different circumstances. 136.

How long does a pulse wave usually take to travel from the heart to the extreme arteries? Suppose the interval was increased or on the contrary was diminished, what inference would you draw in each case as to the state of the individual's health? 136.

Could you form any opinion as to the state of an individual's health by a comparison of the pulse at the wrist with the impulse of the heart in the cardiac region?

What may be considered the rate of the pulse in health at the following ages?—

Before 1 year old.

At

At

10 years,,

20 years,,

137.

What is the normal ratio which the rate of the pulse bears to that of respiration? 157.

Give a physiological explanation of the terms hardness, fulness, compressibility, and incompressibility, as applied in medical language to the pulse. 137, et postea.

Are you aware of any arrangements of the arterial tubes about the larger joints, in order to secure a constant supply of blood to the limb below? 141.

Give some familiar instances of the influence of the nervous system on capillary circulation. 147, et postea.

Describe the structure of the veins. Mention the general plan on which the venous system is constructed; state the forces which promote the circulation of blood through the veins. 148.

What forms of venous pulse have been observed? Explain their production.

148.

Does the injection of certain substances into the veins of animals, afford any evidence with respect to the rapidity of the circulation ? 136.

RESPIRATION.

What is the use of the trachealis muscle? 152.

Mons. C. Bernard caused rabbits to respire an atmosphere charged with minute particles of carbon; the latter did not penetrate into the air passages. What prevented their entrance? 152.

Describe the anatomy of a pulmonic lobule, particularly noticing the arrangement of the air-cells and vessels, and assigning to each of the latter its peculiar office. 152.

Can you trace any functional analogy between the vessels of the lungs and those of the liver?

Describe the functions of the intercostal muscles. 154.

Describe the mechanism of respiration. Mention the muscles and nerves which are engaged in that function. 154.

Mention the nerves which are concerned in the function of repiration. 158.

Through the reflex action of what nerves can the respiratory muscles be called into action? 158.

What explanation would you afford as to the cause of the first inspiration at birth.

158.

Mention what may be considered in the adult to be-1, the average number of inspirations per minute; 2, the average amount of air taken in at each inspiration; 3, the maximum amount of a forced expiration; 4, the average vital capacity of the lungs. 159. What amount of air remains in the adult male lungs after the most powerful expiration? 159.

Give an account of some observations and experiments which have been conducted with a view to ascertain the capacity of the chest for respiration. 159.

Independent of the absolute capacity of the chest, the amount of air which can be expelled from the lungs by the deepest expiration after the fullest inspiration bears a singular relation to the height of the individual, as was discovered by Mr. Hutchinson. Can you state the law which regulates the quantity? 160.

What is the composition of atmospheric air, and what changes does it undergo during respiration? 162.

What part does oxygen play in vital action? 162.

What are the changes in the state of the atmospheric air produced by animal respiration? 162.

Has sex any influence on the amount of carbon exhaled from the lungs; if so, at what periods or under what conditions of life is the difference most marked? 163.

What are the alterations in the state of the blood, dependent on the due performance of respiration? 163.

Are you aware of any experiments having been made on warmblooded animals, the object of which was to show that the amount of carbonic acid expired is influenced by the external temperature? If so, relate them, and state the results which have been obtained. 163.

What changes are effected in the blood by respiration? 163. Describe the nature of the respiratory process, according to the views of Lagrange. 163.

What do you understand by the term asphyxia? Enumerate the principal modes by which that state may be induced. What are the physiological conditions of the organs of circulation and respiration during asphyxia? 165.

In what manner does the suspension of the respiratory process in mammalia arrest the general circulation?

166.

Why is the blood in cases of asphyxia found accumulated in the right cavities of the heart, and in the venous system? 166.

Suppose a warm-blooded animal to be confined in a limited quantity of atmospheric air; what means, if adopted, would prolong its life for the longest period?

A small animal (a sparrow, for example), is left in a bell glass, to breathe the same air over and over again, and lives three hours; at the end of the second hour a healthy vigorous sparrow is introduced, and it expires immediately. Can you offer any explanation of this result?

An individual exposed to the fumes of burning coal is asphyxiated, blood drawn from a vein is of a bright scarlet colour; what deleterious gas has caused the suffocation? 166.

The classification of vertebrate animals based on their temperature. What class of evertebrate animals have the power of evolving much heat? 168.

What are the physiological conditions of an animal during hybernation? 170.

Explain why a person descending in a diving-bell does not suffer from muscular inactivity, or experience a sensation of cold, though surrounded by the chilling influence of the water.

171.

The modern theory of animal heat; mention Crawford's theory?