Page images
PDF
EPUB

II. Trematoda. 14. Thecosoma sanguicola-or distoma hæmatobium, as Bilharz, its discoverer, named it— a worm found in the blood of the portal system. 15. Distoma hepaticum, or liver fluke, an animal about an inch long found in the biliary vessels. 16. Distoma lanceolaum, another species occupying the same situation. 17. Distoma ophthalmobium has been found between the lens and its capsule. 18. Distoma heterophyes in the intestines. 19. Distoma Buskii, which its discoverer found in the duodenum, some of them being 3 inches long. 20. Festucaria lentis, of which 8 were found in a lens the seat of senile cataract.

III. Cestoidea. 21. Tænia communis, the well-known tape-worm of this country. Its larva is known as cysti

[graphic][merged small]

cercus cellulose, the animal which infests swine especially, rendering their flesh "measly," and is capable of producing the tape-worm of man. The head of this

latter parasite is represented in the accompanying woodcut. 22. Tænia nana. 23. Tænia flavopunctata. 24.

Tænia echinococcus. The larva of this worm is usually

Ecchinococci-one free; the other at

called echinococcus, and the cavity in which it lives is usually known as an hydatid. 25. Tænia inermis. 26. Tænia acanthotrias. 27. Tænia tenuicollis; and 28. Tænia dentalis are rare, or even of doubtful existence. 29. Bothriocephalus latus,

tached with head retracted, after which is the common tapeworm in the North of Europe.

Richardson.

Infusorial animalcules also find a nidus in the human body. The following five species are described: 1. Paramecium, found in intestinal mucus. 2. Cercomonas, discovered in the stools in cholera and diarrhoea. 3. Trichomonas, found in vaginal mucus. 4. Virgulina, which occurs in the tartar around the teeth; and 5. Vibrio, the smallest of all human parasites; it has been chiefly observed in mucous discharges and those of cholera.

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION.

JUNIOR.

1. How are human parasites primarily divided, and how subdivided according to their position?

2. Give examples of skin diseases due to plants.

3. Mention the chief examples of hematoid worms.

4. Which is the most frequent tape-worm? Describe its larva.

SENIOR.

1. What plant is most frequently cast from the stomach? Who discovered it?

2. Mention some examples of epizoa.

3. What variety of intestinal worm was discovered by Dr. Bellingham?

4. What parasites have been introduced in the human body by meat?

EXAMINATION PAPERS

ON

PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY,

Recently issued by the principal examining bodies in Ireland and England, arranged in the order of this work, the number after each question referring to the page where the subject is discussed.

UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN.

Degrees of M.B., Lic. Med., and M.C. Examinations. EXAMINERS-Professors, Harrison M'Dowel, Stokes, Law, R. W. Smith, and Apjohn.

NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN.

Give the cranial vertebræ as distinguished by Owen. 25.

CHEMISTRY OF MAN.

amy

In what situations, and under what circumstances, have "; loid" substances been met with in human structures? 42, et postea. The chemical composition of fatty matters, and their uses in the animal economy? 43.

What are the principal proteinic compounds of the animal body, and what the characters by which they are distinguished from each other?

45.

How is a solution of gelatine obtained, and what are the particulars in which it differs from one of albumen? Mention also the two vegetable acids, solutions of which are best distinguished by one of gelatine. 48.

DIGESTION.

Is the sanative action of stimulants in asthenic diseases to be attributed to their action as food alone? 53.

What proximate principles must enter into the composition of food, to fit it for the permanent nutrition and health of the higher animal? 55.

Is there any single substance which combines all the elements essential for nutrition, and which, therefore, may be regarded as a model alimentary substance? 58.

What experiments, and by whom instituted, prove that the food of the higher animal, in order to sustain life and health, must be varied?

57.

What remarkable local lesion occurred in the cases where the necessity for the variation of the food was established? 57.

Mention the different varieties of epithelium, and give examples of each. 64.

Describe the mucous membrane of the stomach in man? 77. The composition of the pancreatic secretion, and its supposed uses in digestion. 86.

BLOOD.

What is Müller's proof of the dependence of the coagulation of the blood on the solidification of the fibrin previously in solution in the liquor sanguinis, and not on the aggregation of the corpuscles? 121.

CIRCULATION.

Describe and explain the phenomena of the pulse; and state its normal varieties, depending on age, sex, &c.

136.

How does posture affect the pulse? Is this influence equally operative in all conditions of the economy; and if not, what are the different states of the system by which it is modified? 136. State the proofs of the existence of a 'capillary force" as an agent in the circulation of the blood. 146.

66

Why did nature deviate from her ordinary course of lining canals with mucous membrane in the case of blood-vessels?

RESPIRATION.

139.

Describe the muscular apparatus of the trachea, and assign its probable functions. 151.

Describe the minute anatomy of the lung, and the arrangement of the pulmonary capillaries. 152.

Describe the functions of respiration and enumerate the principal agents in inspiration and in expiration. State the changes which are effected by this function upon the atmosphere and upon the blood. 154.

What is the composition of expired air, and how is its analysis made? Mention also the experiments which have induced physiologists to conclude that its carbonic acid is formed, not in the lungs, but in the course of the circulation. What is Liebig's theory of animal heat? 162.

SECRETION.

What secretions produce the greatest amount of mischief by their retention in the system? 177.

Give examples of excito secretory nervous actions. 179.

The structural anatomy of the lobules of the liver. 184. Mention the origin, course, and function of the vena porta. 180.

Mention the colour tests for bile, and those constituents of it on which the action of each depends. 189.

Give the general results of analysis of biliary concretions? 188. In what part of the circulating system is sugar normally present; what is its source; and how is it got rid of? 192.

Illustrate the connexion that exists between the nervous influence and glucogenesis? 193.

What vessels in the kidney are analogous to the portal vein in the liver; and why? 201.

In what part of the kidney is the separation of the solid matters of the urine effected? 203.

State the sources of urea, the average diurnal amount excreted, and the circumstances which increase or diminish that quantity. 208.

Write the formula of lithic acid; mention its principal sources; the mode of separating it from the urine; and the characters by which lithic acid, lithate of ammonia, and lithate of soda, may be distinguished from each other. 210.

What are kreatine and kreatinine? 213.

What is the name and what the formula of the copulated acid discovered by Liebig in human urine? How may it be prepared from the urine of the cow, and what are the proximate principles into which it is resolved upon being boiled with muriatic acid? 212.

What is the name, and what the formula of the animal principle first detected in urine by Petenkoffer, and how did he procure it?

213.

What is Garrod's experiment for the diagnosis of gout? 211. What conditions of the urine should lead to a suspicion of the disease of diabetes mellitus before testing for sugar? 219.

What is the most generally received opinion as to the pathology of diabetes mellitus ? 221.

In testing for albumen by heat, or by the ferro-cyanide of potassium, a little acetic acid should first be added. Why is this the case? 224.

Name the urinary calculus which contains one-fourth its weight of sulphur; write its formula; and give the mode of effecting its analysis. 232.

THE DUCTLESS GLANDS.

Mr. Simon's theory of the functions of the thyroid gland?

« PreviousContinue »