necessary to suppose a much earlier origin for the human species than usually assigned, as we find the Egyptian artists have pictured the characters of Hebrew, Copt, and Negro, as strongly marked in the Mosaic period as they are now. Lepsius asserts that the chronology of the Egyptians extends to 3,900 B.C., soon after which the building of the pyramids began; and the late Mr. Horner read a paper before the Royal Society in 1858, in which he stated that man has existed, and in a civilized state, for 13,370 years. He found a fragment of pottery 39 feet from the surface of the Nile; and as sediment is only deposited at the rate of 3 inches in the century, it would have taken that vast period to have buried it so deep. Fossil remains of man, coeval with the mammoth,

Outlines of European, Australian, and Neanderthal Skulls, and that of the

Chimpanzee.

have been discovered by Schmerling in the cave of En

gis, on the banks of the Meuse, and others by Dr. Schaaffhausen in a cavern on the Neanderthal, of greater antiquity, if we can judge from the deposit of dendrites. The latter was but a fragment, yet it indicated very low development in its flattened form, prominent supraorbital ridges, enormous frontal sinuses, and extremely small facial angle, which was calculated at 56°; it may be, in fact, regarded as the most brutal of all known human crania. It nevertheless was of medium capacity, and immensely above the most anthropoid skull in this particular. Mr. Busk has described a skull from a tumulus at Borreby, Denmark, almost identical with the Neanderthal fragment.

Speaking of the origin of all from a common parent, Dr. Symonds most eloquently exclaims: "Does the Bosjesman-who lives in holes and caves, and devours ants' eggs, locusts, and snakes-belong to the same species as the men who luxuriated in the hanging gardens of Babylon, or walked the olive grove of Academe, or sat enthroned in the imperial homes of the Cæsars, or reposed in the marble palaces of the Adriatic, or held sumptuous festivals in the gay salons of Versailles? Can the grovelling Wawa, prostrate before his fetish, claim a community of origin with those whose religious sentiments inspired them to pile the prodigious temples of Thebes and Memphis, to carve the friezes of the Parthenon, or to raise the heaven-pointing arches of Cologne? That ignorant Ibo, muttering his all but inarticulate prayer is he of the same ultimate ancestry as those who sang deathless strains in honour of Olympian Jove, or of Pallas Athenè-or of those who, in a purer worship, are chanting their glorious hymns or solemn litanies in the churches of Christendom? That Alfouro woman, with her flattened face, transverse nostrils, thick lips, wide mouth, projecting teeth, eyes half closed by the loose, swollen upper eyelids; ears, circular, pendulous, and flapping; the hue of her skin of a smoky black, and

(by way of ornament) the septum of her nose pierced with a round stick some inches long-is she of the same original parentage as those whose transcendent and perilous beauty brought unnumbered woes on the people of ancient story, convulsed kingdoms, entranced poets, and made scholars and sages forget their wisdom? Did they all spring from one common mother? Were Helen of Greece, and Cleopatra of Egypt, and Joanna of Arragon, and Rosamond of England, and Mary of Scotland, and the Eloïses, and Lauras, and Ianthes-were all these, and our poor Alfouro, daughters of her who was 'fairest of all her daughters-Eve?' The Quaiqua, or Sabo, whose language is described as consisting of certain snapping, hissing, grunting sounds, all more or less nasal-is he too of the same descent as those whose eloquent voicesfulmined over Greece,' or shook the forum of Rome or as that saint and father of the Church surnamed Golden-mouthed' or as those whose accents have thrilled all hearts with indignation, or melted them with pity and ruth, in the time-honoured halls of Westminster ?"

The identity of the varieties in the chief physiological functions, such as the length of utero-gestation, argues the origin of all men from a pair of common parents, for these vary much, even in species most closely allied-thus, the she-wolf carries her young ninety days, the bitch but sixty-two. The union, too, of individuals of varieties most widely apart, as European and Negro, is fruitful, as is also the progeny of such intermarriage. Now all hybrids of animals are sterile, at least after a second generation. Again, there is some resemblance between most languages-for instance, it is said the infants of all nations first pronounce the syllables ba, pa, ma. There are, of course, very great differences in such particulars as height, of which M'Grath, the Irish giant, whose skeleton is preserved in Trinity College Museum (8 feet 6 inches), may be regarded as an occasional

excess; whilst the Patagonians, whose average height is 6 feet, and the Bosjesmen, who measure but 4 or 41 feet, may be taken as national extremes. In other animals the range of size is much larger-for instance, it is stated the English dray-horse has been found 27 times larger than the Shetland pony. The hair of different nations affords data for classification--thus, the Melanocomous, or black-haired; the Zanthous, or yellowhaired; and the Leucous, or white-haired, may be distinguished. The last class, also known as Albinoes, occurs in any variety, even Ethiopian, and are marked by white skin, pale yellow hair, pink irides, and red pupils. Draper thinks the changes of colour which heat produces due to interference with the action of the liver.

The Cranium affords very evident distinctive characters, and it may be viewed in four aspects-1, Lateral, Camper; 2, Vertical, Blumenbach; 3, Basilar, Owen; and, 4, Front, Pritchard. The last-named author has described three well-marked varieties of skull, which broadly characterize groups of men-1, The oval or symmetrical; 2, The broad or pyramidal; and, 3, The elongated or prognathous. It must, however, be confessed that such conditions are not peculiar to any group, as many negroes have an oval, lofty skull, and many Europeans acquire the debased aspect of the prognathous skull, and Tiedemann asserts that the capacity of the skull of all varieties is equal, only differing in position of brain and face. Morton assigns 92, 83, and 72 cubic inches as the average capacity of the skull of Europeans, Negroes, and American Indians respectively. Before describing the varieties into which man is divisible, it is well we should understand the terms we use, and I select the definitions of Dr. Latham, as the most learned of living ethnologists and philologists: "A species is a class of individuals each of which is hypothetically considered to be the descendant of the same protoplast, or of the same pair of protoplasts. A variety is

a class of individuals each belonging to the same species, but each differing from other individuals of the species in points wherein they agree amongst each other. A race is a class of individuals concerning which there are doubts as to whether they constitute a separate species, or a variety of a recognized one." Hence, no such word as race should be used in the natural history of man. In the present state of ethnological science, and in the absence of any physiological points of distinction, the following classification (of which Cuvier described the first three groups, Blumenbach the two last) may be considered as at least convenient.

I. Caucasian, including all Europeans-except Finns -the natives of Western Asia and Northern Africa, of whom Larrey considered

the Arabs the most perfect of men. It must be acknowledged that this class groups together many nations differing very widely, and the name might be restricted to the dwellers on or about Mount Caucasus, so long famous for personal beauty, and the Armenians. The characteristics are a fair, or sometimes slightly. brown skin, but always letting the colour of the blood appear through; abundant,

soft, wavy

Caucasian-Sir A. Cooper.

hair, generally dark; large orthognathous cranium, lofty forehead, with a small face placed under it; facial angle from 80° to 85°, narrow nose, thin lips, round and prominent chin. The eyes vary in colour, but always ex