NATURAL SCIENCE. 11 A.M. TO 2 P.M. CHEMISTRY. 1. Define an element in chemistry. Enumerate the compounds of phosphorus and oxygen. Explain the constitution of the different kinds of phosphoric acid, and state how they may be distinguished. 2. Describe the mode of preparing common bleaching powder, and explain the chemistry of the process. Describe also some one method of readily finding the commercial value of a sample. 3. Determine what acid and bases are contained in the mixture set before you*; and state distinctly the reasons for your conclusions. 4. State the conditions requisite for the alcoholic fermentation, and explain the chemical changes which go on during that fermentation. What is meant by an alcohol when the term is used generically? 5. Explain the action which takes place when organic matter containing nitrogen is fused with carbonate of potash in iron vessels. Distinguish between ferrocyanide and ferridcyanide of potassium. MINERALOGY. 6. Enunciate the laws of symmetry in the rhombohedral (hexagonal) system. What is a dirhombohedral combination? In which directions is there double refraction in crystals of this system, and in which none? 7. What is meant by dimorphism? Give instances of dimorphous minerals. 8. Describe the phenomena of pyro-electricity in minerals, and give examples of minerals in which it occurs. Draw a figure of a crystal of horacite, having this property, and point out the analogous and antilogous poles. 9. Enumerate the principal ores of lead, and the geological situations in which they occur. Describe and explain the usual mode of extracting the metal. 10. Name the minerals A, B,f... ; state the systems of crystallization to which they respectively belong, and their lustre; mention the direction of cleavage where indications of any are visible, also twin crystals and hemihedral forms. GEOLOGY. 11. Explain fully, and with examples, the grounds of the three great divisions of stratified fossiliferous rocks. 12. Name the fossils L, M, ...and the formations to which they respectively belong. In what formations do we first meet with the nautilus, ammonite, cycloid fish, and mammal respectively? 13. Describe approximately the position and extent of the principal coal fields of England. Give the subdivisions of the carboniferous group, and assign its place in the series of formations. *The mixture contained proto-chloride of iron and chloride of nickel. These were, A. iron pyrite, B. specular iron, C. augite, D. oxide of tin, E. red oxide of copper, F. fluor spar, G. apophyllite, H. adularia felspar, I. analcine, J. sulphate of baryta, K. tourma line. These were, L. Inoceramus sulcatus, M. Euomphalus discors, N. Gryphæa dilatata, O. Producta, P. Ammonites Comptoni, Q. Calymene Blumenbachii, R. Cardium porulosum, S. Plagiostoma spinosum, T. Rostellaria carinata, V. Gryphæa incurva. 14. Explain the action of ice as a transporting power. What proofs have we of the existence of a much colder climate in our island at no very remote geological epoch? 15. Define gneiss, porphyry, syenite, grauwacke, tuff, travertin. How are igneous rocks usually distinguishable from aqueous? Explain how the age of igneous rocks may be determined, and illustrate by any actual cases which may occur to you. NATURAL HISTORY. 3 P.M. TO 6 P.M. 1. Describe the different kinds of tissue found in plants, and state the parts in which they severally occur. 2. Explain fully the functions usually performed by the leaves of plants. Give instances of plants without leaves, and explain how the want of them is supplied. Plants are said to store up the heat of the sun; explain this. 3. The several parts of a flower are said to be homologous with leaves; explain this, and give a short account of the evidence in its favour. 4. Describe the specimens A, B,*. ...as to the following particulars, as far as they admit of it: (a) Leaf, form, stipulation. (B) Inflorescence, general character, bracts. (8) Fruit, general character, placentation. Natural Order, reasons for that assigned. 5. What are acrogens, and why so called? Describe the fructification of equisetaceæ. 6. Give a short account of the different modes of reproduction in animals, with examples, and a comparison with those in plants. 7. In the siphoniferous conchifera, what is the relation of the siphons to the rest of their structure? What purpose do they serve, and how is that attained? Illustrate by some examples. 8. Enumerate the different orders of crustaceans, with examples. Give the sub-orders of decapods, and describe particularly their oral apparatus. To which order do you refer Trilobites, and for what reasons? 9. Describe as to their characteristic features the skulls and teeth † set before you. State the natural orders to which you assign them, and give your reasons. 10. Trace the development of a frog from the ovum to maturity. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. 11. Explain what is called the back or return stroke of lightning, by which animals are frequently killed: also the use and action of lightning conductors. 12. State the law of force of attraction or repulsion between two bodies electrically excited, and give an account of the way in which it has been established. Do you regard the evidence as conclusive? Mention any limitations as to the generality of the law. These were, A. wood avens, B. butcher's broom (twigs only), C. arrow head, D. greater willow herb, E. bryony (male flowers only.) †Those of hedgehogs and sheep respectively. 13. Describe in its simplest form an electro-magnetic machine for obtaining currents by induction; and explain its action. 14. What are secondary poles in a magnet? Explain how they arise, and how they may be detected. 15. Describe the phenomena of diamagnetism, and mention substances which exhibit this property in a marked degree. How may the diamagnetism of a liquid be found? MORAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY. 10 A.M. TO 1 P.M. 1. Give a precise account of the different points in dispute between the conflicting Ethical Theories. 2. Explain perfect and imperfect Rights. 3. Specify the things essential to Property, and any remarkable varieties of form assumed by proprietary rights in different countries. 4. Do you look upon Punishment as retributive, or preventive, or both? Give reasons. 5. Classify the forms of Government, and say which of them the leading Governments of Europe, Asia, and America would respectively fall under. 6. Explain what is meant by Civilization. Give a general definition, and an enumeration of constituents. 7. Can you give any instances of the improvement of political reasonings by the introduction of Statistics? LOGIC AND MENTAL PHILOSOPHY. 3 P.M. TO 6 P.M. 1. What is the province of the science of logic? 2. Give the reason why, in logic, names must be studied before things. 3. Explain and exemplify induction. 4. What are the conditions requisite to a sound observation? 5. State the classification of mind which most commonly prevails at the present time. 6. Mention any facts tending to show the intimate connection between mind and the bodily functions and mechanism. 7. Enumerate the laws of association, with examples of each. 8. What do you consider the proper, and what improper, objects of inquiry in the science of mind? SANSKRIT. 10 A.M. TO 1 P.M. Translate passages into English, adding brief notes when necessary. GRAMMATICAL QUESTIONS. 1. What is the meaning of the terms, Guna, Vriddhi, Surd, Sonant, Guttural, Palatal, Cerebral, Dental, and Labial? Write down, in separate columns, all the letters that come under each of these heads. 2. Explain the formation of compound words, and give examples. Translate into Sanskrit: A good man does not fear death;' 'It is better not to touch dirt than to wash it off; 'A Brahmin is the best of all bipeds, a cow of quadrupeds;' 'Virtue is its own reward.' Translate into Sanskrit. (1.) The war of the Mahábhárata, the expedition of Alexander, and the Muhammadan Conquest, divided the ancient history of India into three portions. The time when the two latter happened is known, but the first is uncertain. The natives believe that the Puránas were composed soon after the first of these periods, and that they comprise a genuine history of the world, from the creation to that celebrated (II.) war. Now prudent Bhishma deemed the time arrived, And Kuru's princely heirs were quickly trained In arms and warlike practice, as became Their martial origin and regal birth. Questions on the Literature. 1. Who was Pánini? About what period is he supposed to have flourished? Give an outline of his system. 2. What is the subject of the Bhagavad-gíta, Megha-dúta, Kumárasambhava, Raghu-vansa, Nalodaya? and to what authors are these compositions attributed? 3. Mention the distinguishing features of the six systems of Hindú philosophy. 4. Give an outline of the plot of the Sakuntala. What other dramas were composed by Kálidása ? 5. Compare the religion of the Vedas with that of the code of Manu, and show how both differ from the present system of Hindu mythology. ARABIC. To be translated into Arabic. Changli also is a city of Kataia, situate towards the south, and belonging to the Grand Chan, the inhabitants of which are idolaters, and in like manner make use of the Emperor's paper currency. Its distance from Changlu is five days' journey, in the course of which you pass many cities and castles, likewise in the dominion of his Majesty. They are places of great commerce, and the customs levied at them amount to a large sum. Through this city passes a wide and deep river, which affords conveyance to vast quantities of merchandise, consisting of silk, drugs, and other valuable articles. We shall now take leave of this place, and give an account of another city. The merchant then wrote the story plainly in his own hand, and went to the king, and said, "Oh, fortunate king! I have brought a night-story, and a pleasant tale, the like of which no one hath ever heard." And when the king heard the words of the merchant, he ordered immediately that every Ameer, and every learned man who excelled in science, and every one versed in polite literature, should attend. Then the merchant read his story before the king; and when the king and all who were present heard it, they wondered and approved, and they showered upon him gold, and silver, and jewels; and the king bestowed upon him a sumptuous robe of honour, and gave him a great city, with its castles and fields, and made him one of his viziers, and seated him on his right hand. He then ordered the scribes to write the story in letters of gold, and to place it in his private repositories; and the king, whenever his bosom was contracted and his heart sad, summoned the merchant to read it. PAPERS USED AT THE FURTHER EXAMINATION OF CANDIDATES SELECTED AT THE COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION.. HISTORY. N.B.-Candidates are not required to answer the whole of the questions, unless able to do so. 1. Arranging the history of India under three religious systems, Hindu, Mohammedan, Christian; when may each be considered to have commenced, and when to have sunk under partial subjection to its successor? 2. What authorities have we for the Hindu period? 3. Was the distinction of caste contemporary with the primitive faith, or was it of a later and political origin ? 4. What were the original castes? 5. What was the nature of the pretensions of the Brahman to superiority? 6. What was the date and nature of the reformation introduced by Satkya Sinha ? 7. Who and what was he, and what were his chief innovations? 8. When do we find India first noticed by classical writers ? 9. What is the date of Alexander's invasion? 10. Where did he enter India, and by whom was he encountered? 11. Where did Alexander finally halt in India? 12. Did any of the Seleucidan princes of Persia invade India? 13. Did any Greek princes rule in India after these incursions? How many, for how long, and over what extent of territory ? 14. Till what date did Buddhism flourish in India? 15. In what countries is it now the prevailing religion? 16. How far is the Hindu period during the earlier centuries of Christianity filled up? 17. What authorities have we for the Mohammedan history of India? 18. Who was Mahmud of Ghizni? What was his date? 19. How often did he make predatory incursions into India? |