CONTENTS 1. From the Accession of Philip to 352 B.C. 201-205 250-254 255, 256 257-264 264-269 269-273 273-277 ESSAY V. Constitution of the Amphictyonic Council ESSAY VI. The Hero Physician and the Hero Καλαμίτης xi ΔΗΜΟΣΘΕΝΟΥΣ ΠΕΡΙ ΤΟΥ ΣΤΕΦΑΝΟΥ ΠΡΩΤΟΝ μὲν, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι, τοῖς θεοῖς Reiske εὔχομαι πᾶσι καὶ πάσαις, ὅσην εὔνοιαν ἔχων ἐγὼ 226 διατελῶ τῇ τε πόλει καὶ πᾶσιν ὑμῖν, τοσαύτην ὑπάρτουτονὶ τὸν ἀγῶνα, ἔπειθ ̓ page ξαι μοι παρ' ὑμῶν εἰς PROOEMIUM: §§ 1-8. The solemn earnestness with which Demosthenes undertook this vindication of his whole political life is shown by the unusual and impressive prayer with which he begins, and still more by its repetition. He shows the same spirit in the appeal to the Gods in § 141, with which he introduces his account of the fatal events which led to Chaeronea, and in his peroration (§ 324). § 1. Ι. τοῖς θεοῖς πᾶσι καὶ πάσαις, to all the Gods and Goddesses. Θεός is Goddess as well as God, @ed being poetic; thus ἡ θεός is the common title of Athena. A slight extension of the solemn formula πᾶσι καὶ πάσαις becomes absurdly comic in Ar. Av. 866 εὔχεσθε ὄρνισιν ̓Ολυμπίοις καὶ Ολυμπίῃσι πᾶσι καὶ πάσῃσιν. 2. εὔνοιαν: εὔνοια may mean devotion based on any superiority or merit, including loyalty of a subject to a prince or of a servant to his master (even of a dog to his mistress), devotion to a benefactor, and even enthusiasm for the success of a contestant in the games (though felt by a stranger). Here it means a good citizen's loyal devotion to the state. See Jackson's note on euvola in Trans. of Cambr. Philol. Soc. II. p. 115, where he explains the word in Arist. Pol. 1. 6 1255, 17) as “loyalty, i.e. the willing obedience which an inferior renders to a kind and considerate superior." He refers especially to Arist. Eth. IX. 5, $$ 3, 4 (1167", 18), ὅλως δ' εὔνοια δι ̓ ἀρετὴν καὶ ἐπιείκειάν τινα γίνεται, ὅταν τῳ φανῇ καλός τις ἢ ἀνδρεῖος ἤ τι τοιοῦτον. —ἔχων διατελῶ: ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀεὶ ἔχω, 'ATTIKOS. Schol. (See M.T. 879.) The words ἔχων διατελεῖ with εὔνοια probably occurred in Ctesiphon's decree. Aeschines (III. 49) quotes from the decree ὅτι διατελεῖ καὶ λέγων καὶ πράττων: see the spurious indictment (below) § 5410, and § 572-3. 3. ὑπάρξαι μοι, be granted me (be made available to me). The fundamental idea of ὑπάρχω in this sense is best seen in τὰ ὑπάρχοντα, the resources or the existing conditions, i.e. what is available, what one has to depend on: see note on ὑπάρχειν § 955, and βέλτιστον ὑπάρχει, ΙΧ. 5. 4. ἀγῶνα: see note on ἀγωνίζομαι, § 33.—ἔπειθ ̓, secondly: simple ἔπειτα (without dé) is the regular rhetorical ὅπερ ἐστὶ μάλισθ' ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν καὶ τῆς ὑμετέρας 5 formula after πρῶτον μέν (see §§ 8, 18, 5. ὅπερ ἐστὶ: sc. εὔχομαι, referring to the whole sentence ὅπερ... ἀκροάσασθαι. The relation of ὅπερ to τοῦτο here is clearly that of ὅ τι (§ 86) to the following τοῦτο.—ἐστὶ μάλισθ' ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, concerns you especially (more than myself). 6. εὐσεβείας : referring to the oath (§ 2). Greek εὐσέβεια reached a lower level than our piety, including negative abstinence from impiety, so that one who does not break his oath is so far εὐσεβής.—τοῦτο παραστῆσαι ὑμῖν, may put this into your hearts: τοῦτο refers back emphatically to the omitted antecedent of ὅπερ, as οὕτως (§ 27) to that of ὡs, and is explained by μὴ τὸν ἀντίδικον κ.τ.λ. 8. τοῦ πῶς...δεῖ: explained by τὸ καὶ χρήσασθαι (end of § 2) : cf. περὶ τοῦ ὅντινα τρόπον χρὴ ζῆν, Plat. Rep. 352 D. § 2. 1. τὸν ὅρκον: the Heliastic oath, which each judge had sworn. The document in XXIV. 149-151 purporting to be this famous oath (hardly authentic) has this clause: καὶ ἀκροάσομαι τοῦ κατηγόρου καὶ τοῦ ἀπολογουμένου ὁμοίως ἀμφοῖν. For the connection of the laws with the oath, see note on $ 65. 2. δικαίοις, just provisions. 3. ἀκροάσασθαι : this (2) or ἀκροᾶσθαι (L) is far preferable to the emendation ἀκροάσεσθαι, the fut. infin. being exceptional with 76. The infin. with To here denotes simply the provision for hearing both sides impartially and is not in oratio obliqua (M.T. 96, 111). 4. τὸ μὴ προκατεγνωκέναι: not having decided against (κατά) either party in advance, the perf. expressing completion (Μ.Τ. 109): τὸ μὴ προκαταγνῶναι would be timeless, like τὸ ἀκροάσασθαι (above) and τὸ ἀποδοῦναι and τὸ ἐᾶσαι (below). — οὐδὲ (sc. μόνον), nor only (cf. § 931, 2). 5. ἴσην (pred.), in equal measure. καὶ τῇ τάξει... χρήσασθαι, i.e. to allow everyone to adopt not only (καὶ) that order of argument but also (καὶ) that general plan of defence which etc. 6. ἀπολογίᾳ refers strictly to the defence, which alone remained.ὡς... ἕκαστος: ἕκαστος is made subject of the relative clause, as this precedes; we reverse the order, and translate it with χρήσασθαι.—τῶν ἀγωνιζομένων ἕκαστος (not ἑκάτερος), acc. to Weil, is "tout homme qui plaide sa Πολλὰ μὲν οὖν ἔγωγ ̓ ἐλαττοῦμαι κατὰ τουτονὶ 3 τὸν ἀγῶνα Αἰσχίνου, δύο δ ̓, ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι, καὶ μεγάλα, ἓν μὲν ὅτι οὐ περὶ τῶν ἴσων ἀγωνίζομαι· οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἴσον νῦν ἐμοὶ τῆς παρ' ὑμῶν εὐνοίας δια μαρτεῖν καὶ τούτῳ μὴ ἑλεῖν τὴν γραφὴν, ἀλλ ̓ ἐμοὶ 5 μὲν—οὐ βούλομαι δυσχερὲς εἰπεῖν οὐδὲν ἀρχόμενος τοῦ λόγου, οὗτος δ ̓ ἐκ περιουσίας μου κατηγορεί. ἕτερον δ', ὃ φύσει πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ὑπάρχει, τῶν μὲν λοιδοριῶν καὶ τῶν κατηγοριῶν ἀκούειν ἡδέως, τοῖς ἐπαινοῦσι δ ̓ αὑτοὺς ἄχθεσθαι· τούτων τοίνυν δ μέν 4 ἐστι πρὸς ἠδονὴν τούτῳ δέδοται, ὃ δὲ πᾶσιν ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ἐνοχλεῖ λοιπὸν ἐμοί. cause," a general expression. He remarks that ἀγωνίζομαι applies especially to the defendant. This is a dignified appeal against the offensive demand of Aeschines (III. 202), that the court should either refuse to hear Demosthenes or (at least) compel him to follow his adversary's order of argument. Both parties could not be heard impartially if one were compelled by the court itself to present his case in the most damaging order at his opponent's dictation. $ 3. 2. 1. πολλὰ: sc. ἐλαττώματα. καὶ μεγάλα, εven serious. 3. ἀγωνίζομαι, like ἀγών, used of contests of all kinds, here of a lawsuit. See the pun on the two meanings of ἀγωνίσασθαι περὶ θανάτου in IV. 47. 4. διαμαρτεῖν, to forfeit: cf. ἀποστερεῖσθαι, § 54, and the following words. 5. μὴ ἑλεῖν τὴν γραφήν, not to gain his case: cf. 'Ολύμπια νικᾶν, Thuc. 1. 126; ψήφισμα νικᾷ, Aesch. III. 68; πολλὰς γραφὰς διώξας οὐδε μίαν είλεν, Ant. 2, Α', 5. A victorious defendant is said γραφὴν (δίκην) ἀποφυγείν, a defeated defendant γρα κἂν μὲν εὐλαβούμενος φὴν (δίκην) ὀφλεῖν.—ἀλλ ̓ ἐμοὶ μὲν : a familiar ἀποσιώπησις, often quoted by the rhetoricians. What is plainly meant would sound unpleasant (δυσχερές) and suggest disaster in the opening of his speech. See Quint. IX. 2, 54, who quotes " quos egosed motos praestat componere fluctus," Aen. I. 135. 7. ἐκ περιουσίας, at an advantage, lit. from an abundance, like a rich man who stakes little compared with his wealth. In Luke xxi. 4, the rich cast into the treasury "of their abundance" or “superfuity,” ἐκ τοῦ περιστ σεύοντος αὐτοῖς. 8. ἕτερον δ' (sc. ἐλάττωμα) corresponds to ἓν μὲν in 3, and keeps up the construction of πολλὰ ἐλαττοῦμαι in I.-δ... ὑπάρχει, which is a natural disposition of the whole human race: πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις suggests the subject of ἀκούειν and ἄχθεσθαι, which explain ἕτερον. § 4. 2. ἐστι πρὸς ἡδονὴν, makes for pleasure (ἐστὶν ἡδύ, Schol.) : cf. Aeschyl. Pr. 494, ἂν εἴη δαίμοσιν πρὸς ἡδονήν.—ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν modifies πᾶσιν. Aeschines (111. 241) had warned the court against the self-glorification of Demosthenes. |