To show in another way that the poet could dispense with these brief clauses when the narrative demanded it, the following pairs of verses may be cited: Γ 67 νῦν αὐτ', εἴ μ ̓ ἐθέλεις πολεμίζειν | ἠδὲ μάχεσθαι, and I 263 GROUP B. The clausula consists of an appositional phrase. To this group belong the familiar tags, ποιμένα λαῶν, ἰσόθεος φώς, δια θεάων, and many others. These are too well-known to require further comment. The verses number about 300. - 53 GROUP C. The last two feet contain a brief simile introduced by ἠύτε, ἶσος (ἶσα, ἴση, ίσον), ὥς (postpositive), verses, e.g.: — Α 359 καρπαλίμως δ ̓ ἀνέδυ πολίης αλός | ἠύτ ̓ ὀμίχλη, It may be remarked here that úre introducing a comparison is found more frequently (22 times) immediately after the bucolic diaeresis than in all other positions in the verse together (15 times). The comparison is sometimes expanded in the following verses, e.g., Δ 243-245, φ 48. GROUP D. A participle or participial phrase fills out the verse after the bucolic diaeresis, adding some unessential but picturesque detail. It is often parenthetical. This is a large class, including more than 500 verses. Β 167 βῆ δὲ κατ ̓ Οὐλύμποιο καρήνων | αίξασα, παντοίοισι δόλοισι, μόγις δ ̓ ἐτέλεσσε Κρονίων. The translation of Butcher and Lang: "For nine whole years we were busy about them, devising their ruin with all manner of craft," gives the thought of the poet but not his manner of telling the story. This would be, perhaps, as follows: "For nine years we were devising their ruin, busily, with all manner of craft, and scarce did the son of Kronos bring it to pass." The last two feet of verse 118 and the first half-verse of 119 are alike added thoughts. The first amplifies the bare statement of the fact, and, while it suggests παντοίοισι δόλοισι, it is not essential and might have been omitted. Χ 412 λαοὶ μέν ῥα γέροντα μόγις ἔχον | ἀσχαλόωντα ἐξελθεῖν μεμαῶτα πυλάων Δαρδανιάων. For the simple statement of fact neither ȧoxaλówvτa nor πυλάων Δαρδανιάων are essential. Ρ 408 πολλάκι γὰρ τό γε μητρὸς ἐπεύθετο | νόσφιν ἀκούων, Ameis-Hentze take unτpós with ȧkoúwv. But it is simpler to construe it with ἐπεύθετο and regard νόσφιν ἀκούων as parenthetical. For this use of the genitive of the person from whom the information comes, with πvvlávoμai, cf. K 536-537: μηδὲ ἐᾶν νεκύων ἀμενηνὰ κάρηνα αἵματος ἆσσον ἴμεν, πρὶν Τειρεσίαο πυθέσθαι. "until Teiresias tells thee." Ω 82 ἔρχεται ὠμηστῇσιν ἐπ ̓ ἰχθύσι | κῆρα φέρουσα. The Ameis-Hentze edition (followed by Professor Clapp) says this is the only occurrence of pépovoa with πí and the dative, the simple dative being the usual construction. The order of words, however, would make it easier to construe ἐπ ̓ ἰχθύσι with ἔρχεται, and to regard the last two feet of the verse as parenthetical. For the use of èí with the dative after a verb of motion, cf. E 327: νηυσὶν ἔπι γλαφυρῇσιν ἐλαυνέμεν. The phrase ĥpa pépovσa is not found parenthetically elsewhere in the Homeric poems, but we find a collocation of words similar to the verse in question in Theognis, 207 f., where it is clearly not to be taken with èí and the dative: ἄλλον δ ̓ οὐ κατέμαρψε δίκη ̇ θάνατος γὰρ ἀναιδὴς πρόσθεν ἐπὶ βλεφάροις ἕζετο κῆρα φέρων. A further indication of the parenthetical use of the participle in this part of the verse may be found by a comparison of pairs of verses like the following: καὶ λαῶν, οἱ μίν ῥα θεὸν ὡς εἰσορόωντες) Χ 434 Τρωσί τε καὶ Τρωῇσι κατὰ πτόλιν, οἵ σε θεὸν ὡς δειδέχατ' GROUP E. The clausula consists of an adjective of four or five syllables. More than 200 different adjectives, chiefly ornamental epithets, are thus used in about 1000 verses of the Iliad and Odyssey. Nearly 100 of these adjectives are found only after the bucolic diaeresis.1 Two verses deserve especial attention: ζ 26 εἵματα μέν τοι κεῖται ἀκηδέα | σιγαλόεντα. 1 An asterisk indicates that the adjective is found only after the end of the fourth foot: ἀγκυλομήτης,* ἀγκυλότοξος,* ἀγκυλοχείλης,* ἀγλαόκαρποι,* ἀγραύλοιο, ἀγριοφώνους,* ἀγροιῶται, ἀγροτεράων, ἀγχιμαχηταί, ἁδινάων, ἀθανάτοιο, αἰγιόχοιο, αἰδοίοιο, αιθαλόεσσαν, αἱματόεντα, αἰολοθώρηξ,* αιολομίτρην, * αἰολοπώλους,* αίχε μητάων, ἀκριτόμυθοι, ἀκριτόφυλλον,* ἀλλοδαποῖσιν, ἀλλοπρόσαλλον, ἀλλοτρίοισιν, ἀλφεσίβοιαι,* ἀμπελόεσσαν, ἀμφιγυήεις, ἀμφιγύοισι, ἀμφιελίσσας,* ἀμφικύπελλον, ἀμφιμέλαιναι,* (ἀμφοτέροισιν), ἀνδρεϊφόντῃ,* ἀνδρομέοιο, ἀνδροφάγοιο,* ἀνα δροφόνοιο, ἀνθεμόεσσαν, ἀντιάνειραι,* ἀντιθέοιο, ἀργαλέοιο, ἀργεννάων, ἀργιόδοντα, ἀργυρέῃσιν, ἀργυροδίνῃ,* ἀργυρόηλον,* ἀργυρόπεζα, ἀσπιδιώτας,* ἀσπιστάων,* ἀστερόεντα, ἀστεροπήτης,* ἀστυβοώτην,* ἀτρυγέτοιο, ἀτρυτώνη,* αὐδήεσσα, αὐτο χόωνον,* βαρβαροφώνων,* βωτιανείρῃ,* δαιδαλέοιο, δακρυόεσσαν, δενδρήεντι, δερματίνοισιν,* (δεξιτερῆφιν), δινήεντα, δουλιχοδείρων,* δυσμενέεσσιν, ἐγχεσιμώρους,* εἰαρινοῖσιν, εἰλατίνοισιν, ἕλκεσιπέπλους,* ἑλκεχίτωνες,* έμπυριβήτην, ἐννεαβοίων,* ἐννεάπηχυ, ἐννεόργυιοι,* ἐννεώροιο, ἐντεσιεργούς,* ἑπταβόειον, ἑπταπύ λοιο,* εὐπατέρειαν,* εὐρειάων, εὐρυάγυιαν, εὐρυμέτωπον,* εὐρυοδείης,* εὐρυπόροιο, εὐρυρέεθρος,* εὐρυχόροιο, ευρώεντα,* ηδυπότοιο, ἠεροειδής, ήερόεντα, ἡμαθόεντα, (ἡμετέροισιν), ἡμιονείην,* ηνεμόεσσαν, ήπεροπευτά,* ἠριγενείης, ἠυγένειος, ἠυκόμοιο, ἠχήεντα,* θεσπεσίοιο, θηλυτεράων, θυμοβόροιο, θυμολέοντα, θυμοραϊστής, θυσανόεσσαν,* ίμερόεντα, ἰοχέαιρα, ἱππιοχαίτην,* ἱππιοχάρμην,* ἱπποβότοιο, ἱπποδάμοιο, ἱπποδασείης, ἱπποκέλευθε,* ἱπποκορυσταί,* ἰσχαλέοιο,* ιφθίμοιο, ἰχθυόεντα, καλλιγύναικα,* καλλικόμοιο,* καλλιπάρῃον,* καλλιρέεθρον,* καλλιρόοιο,* καρπαλίμοισιν, καρτερόθυμον, καρχαροδόντων, κερδαλεόφρων, * κητώεσσα, * κηώεντα, κλωμα The adjective σιγαλόεντα is used 22 times (7 times in the Iliad and 15 times in the Odyssey), always at the end of the verse. It is a 'standing epithet,' and is employed as such in this verse, even though it is not strictly applicable to the garments in question. The poet wishes the clause to end with the verse, and this adjective fills the last two feet suitably both as to meter and sense. There is certainly no emphasis on the adjective. η 34 f. νηυσὶ θοῇσιν τοί γε πεποιθότες | ὠκείῃσιν λαῖτμα μέγ' ἐκπερόωσιν, ἐπεί σφισι δῶκ ̓ ἐνοσίχθων· Here are two 'standing epithets,' equivalent in meaning, in the same verse. Compare I 683, where, however, there is not the same tautology: νῆας ἐυσέλμους ἅλαδ ̓ ἑλκέμεν | ἀμφιελίσσας. That ὠκείῃσιν (-άων) is used as the standing epithet' after the end of the fourth foot in place of the dative (genitive) οἱ ἀμφιέλισσα which would not suit the meter, is seen in Θ 197, 4 101. In the passage in question of course the epithet is the more suitable because of the miraculous swiftness of the Phaeacian ships, and it suggests vs. 36. The adjective is not emphatic. This position is not one of emphasis as has been indicated by the verses already discussed, and as Professor Goodell has shown (Transactions, XXI (1891), χόεσσαν,* κολλητοῖσιν, κουριδίοιο, κουροτέροισιν, κυανέησιν, κυανοχαίτης, κυδαλί μοιο, κυδιάνειραν,* κυλλοπόδιον, λαχνήεντα, λειριόεντα, λευγαλέοιο, ληιβοτείρης, μειλιχίοισιν, μητιόεντος,* μιλτοπάρῃοι,* μυελόεντα,* νηπυτίοισιν,* ὀβριμοεργόν, ὀβριμοπάτρη, οἰνοπέδοιο,* οινοποτῆρας,* οἰοπόλοισιν, οἰσυΐνῃσιν,* ὀκριόεντα, ἀκρυόεντος,* ὀλβιόδαιμον,* ὀμφαλόεσσαν, ὀξυόεντα, ὁπλοτεράων, Οὐρανίωνες,* οὐρανομήκης,* παιπαλοέσσης, παυροτέροισιν, πενταέτηρον, πετρήεσσαν, πευκαλίμῃσιν, πευκεδανοῖο,* πηγεσιμάλλῳ,* πιδηέσσης,* ποιήεσσαν, ποιητοῖσιν, ποικιλομήτην, ποντοπόροιο, πορφυρέοισιν, πουλοβοτείρῃ,* πυροφόροιο, σιγαλόεντα,* τειχιόεσσαν,* τερμιόεντα,* τερπικέραυνος, τετραθέλυμνον,* τετραφάληρον,* τηλεδαπάων, τιμήεντος, τριγλώχινι, ὑλακόμωροι,* ὑλήεσσαν, (ὑμετέροισιν), ὑψηλῇσιν, ὑψικάρηνοι,* ὑψικόμοισιν, ὑψιπετήεις,* ὑψιπέτηλον,* ὑψορόφοιο, φοινικόεσσαν, χαλκεοφώνῳ,* χαλκοβάρεια, χαλκοκορυστῇ,* χαλκοπαρῄου,* χαλκοχιτώνων, χειμερίησιν, χειροτέ ροισιν, χρυσοπεδίλου,* ὠκειάων, ὠκυπόδεσσιν, ὠκυπόροισιν, ώλεσίκαρποι, * ώμοφάγοισιν. p. 6.) So the note on 539 in the Ameis-Hentze edition (followed by Professor Clapp) seems too strong: 66 παίδων ἐν μεγάροισι γονὴ γένετο κρειόντων, "κрELÓVтWV: d. i. die nach Peleus Tod die Herrschaft übernehmen konnten die Herrschaft zu erben, mit Nachdruck am Ende des Satzes." If we compare the Homeric use of these long, picturesque adjectives after the end of the fourth foot with their use in the literary epic, the difference is marked. In Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica, Book i, there are but six of these adjectives at the end of the verse in agreement with a preceding noun.1 According to the law of averages Homer would have used about 50. In the first 1000 lines of the Dionysiaca of Nonnus there is not a single case of an adjective used in this way. The reason is not far to seek. The composer of the literary epic had no objection to 'the sense variously drawn out from one verse to another.' But the Homeric poet preferred a pause in the sense at the end of the verse, and as he had often stated all that was essential in the first four feet he used the adjective as one of a number of devices for filling out the last two feet. A comparison of groups of verses like the following will make it clear that the burden of the narrative would have been just as complete if the epithet had been omitted, and that the poet did leave out the adjective when the last two feet were needed to complete the sense, or when he wished to begin a new clause at the bucolic diaeresis : (a) A 65 K 153 πᾶς δ ̓ ἄρα χαλκῷ λάμφ ̓ ὥς τε στεροπὴ πατρὸς Διός αιγιόχοιο. τῆλε δὲ χαλκὸς λάμφ' ώς τε στεροπὴ πατρὸς Διός. αὐτὰρ ὅ γ' ἥρως κτλ. (6) Π 574 ἐς Πηλῆς ἱκέτευσε καὶ ἐς Θέτιν ἀργυρόπεζαν· Ω 74 ἀλλ ̓ εἴ τις καλέσειε θεῶν Θέτιν ἆσσον ἐμεῖο, Ω 83 εὗρε δ ̓ ἐνὶ σπῆι γλαφυρῷ Θέτιν, ἀμφὶ δέ τ ̓ ἄλλαι κτλ. 1 Homer never uses an adjective of this kind in agreement with a noun in the following verse (La Roche, Wiener Studien, XIX (1897), pp. 169, 170). 2 ιοχέαιρα, κυανοχαίτης, ἐννοσίγαιος, and the adjectives in I 179, 280 are used as nouns. |