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546. Custodem: noble youths, both in the heroic age and in Virgil's time, were attended by guardians. Cf. 1. 257.

550. Ducat, ostendat: subjunctive with dic as a verb of commanding. See note on IV, 635. avo: 'in honor of his grandfather.' 551. Ipse: Aeneas. longo circo: from the long extended arena.'

552. Infusum: the multitude had ground during the trial in archery.

'poured in' (crowded) over the level

553. pariter: 'equally,' or similarly equipped and adorned.

554. lucent: they shine in polished armor, and with their glittering weapons and golden ornaments. euntes: as they advance.'

554, 555. quos: with mirata, not fremit.

556. in morem: for de or ex more; according to the custom' of boys in this game. 'The hair of all was bound with a well-trimmed crown,' probably of olive leaves.

558. pectore: ablative of place. It is at the top of the breast' that the ends of the torques, or stiff twisted collar, come together.

560. numero: join with Tres.

turmae: 'companies'; synonymous with acies, 1. 563, and agmina, 1. 580. terni: 'three each,' and bis seni (1. 561), twelve each,' are distributive numerals.

561. secuti as a present, like mirata, 1. 555.

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562. Agmine partito: the (whole) band being divided'; i.e. not being one organized company under a common leader, but consisting of three independent battalions (agmina), each with its own captain, though now, when they first enter, moving in one column. paribus magistris: their captains are well matched in age, rank, and appearance.

563. Una acies: sc. est.

564. It was customary among the Greeks to name the grandson after the grandfather.

565. auctura Italos: 'destined to swell the number of Italians'; Cato says that the people of Politorium, an Italian city, were the descendants of Polites. quem, etc. whom a Thracian horse bears, dappled with white spots, showing white pasterns (i.e. primi pedis, the front part of each foot), and a white forehead high upraised.'

566. vestigia pedis: footsteps'; here for pedes.

567. arduus: has reference to the head alone.

568. Atys: the second leader is so called as a compliment to Augustus, whose mother belonged to the Atian gens.

569. puero: dative. Cf. IV, 31. The order of the words follows as in I, 684; III, 329.

572. Esse: prose construction would require ut, or qui esset. Cf. 1. 538. 575. plausu: join with excipiunt. pavidos: 'trembling'; i.e. with boyish timidity and modesty.

578. Lustravere: 'passed in review.' paratis: 'ready,' the review being now ended.

579. longe: 'from afar.'

580. pares: 'equal' in numbers or strength.

580, 581. agmina solvere: 'they separated their battalions'; i.e. they break up the three companies that were proceeding in column. terni: i.e. each of the three companies divides into bands or sections (chori), each comprising one half, or six of the boys in the company. vocati: 'being called,' i.e. by another signal from Epytides, they wheel and charge. The boys have galloped at the first signal of Epytides to their stations on the field, and now, at the second signal, commence the cavalry action, or sham fight, two of the squadrons maneuvering as allies against the third. 584. Adversi spatiis: opposite in position.' 585. Impediunt: 'intersect' or 'interweave.' Cf. 1. 440. The passage (580-585) may thus be rendered: they galloped apart in equal numbers, and the three companies broke up the line in parted bands; and again, when called, they wheeled (convertere vias) and charged with hostile weapons. Then they enter upon successive advances and retreats, confronting one another, and intersect circles with circles, one after another, and as armed men call up the image of battle.'

sub armis: for armati.

587. facta-feruntur: 'in truce they ride abreast'; in a united column, just as in the opening review.

589. Parietibus: is scanned as four syllables, par-yet-i-bus. See note on II, 16. It is the ablative of manner with textum. caecis: 'blind,' i.e. without doors or windows.

589, 590. ancipitem dolum, etc.: 'a treacherous winding rendered uncertain by a thousand pathways, where the untraced and inextricable maze rendered all guiding marks deceptive.'

592, 593. Haud-ludo: 'in like (swift and devious) course do the sons of the Trojans intersect (each others') footsteps, and interweave retreats and charges in mock battle (ludo).

594. Delphinum: H. 435, 4; LM. 573; A. 218, d; B. 204, 3; G. 359, r. I and N. 4; (H. 391, II, 4).

599. ipse, pubes: sc. celebravit.

600. suos: their children.' hinc: i.e. from Alba.

601. honorem: observance.'

602. Troia, etc.: 'and now (the game) is called Troy, the boys the Trojan band.' dicitur: agrees with the predicate nominative.

See H. 390; LM. 473; A. 204, b; B. 254, 3; G. 211, EXC. (b); (II. 462, N. 2). The sham fight called Troia was one of the games of the circus at Rome.

603. Hactenus: separated by tmesis. sancto patri: 'to the deified father'; Anchises.

604-699. The burning of the ships. While the games are in progress Juno sends Iris down to excite discontent among the Trojan women, who are assembled near the shore, not witnessing the games, but gazing mournfully on the sea, while they bemoan the death of Anchises. While they are grieving that so much of the sea is still to be crossed, and that they cannot put an end to their hardships by settling in Sicily, Iris presents herself in the form of Beroë, a Trojan matron, and gives utterance to the feelings which fill them all. They are roused to fury, and, seizing firebrands from the altars of Neptune, on which sacrifices are burning near the water, they hurl them into the ships. Presently the alarm is conveyed by Eumelus to the Trojan assembly at the tomb of Anchises. Ascanius, having scarcely completed the cavalry exercise, hastens on his horse, followed by Aeneas and the rest, to extinguish the fire. But it has already penetrated into the holds of the ships, and all human efforts are unavailing. Aeneas then calls upon Jupiter, who answers his prayer by sending down a flood of rain, and preserving all the ships save four.

604. Hic primum: 'now first'; for up to this moment the games had been going forward without any untoward accident. fidem mutata novavit: 'changing fortune broke her faith'; a poetic expression for fidem mutavit. Her favor thus far had been a pledge, as it were, of continued favor throughout the day.

605. ludis: ablative of manner. tumulo: the dative as in avo, l. 550. 608. antiquum dolorem: cf. I, 25. For the accusative, see note on I, 228.

609. Illa Iris. coloribus: ablative of description with arcum.

610. Nulli: see note on I, 326. virgo: '(a celestial) virgin'; in apposition with illa.

612. relictam: 'left' by the men.

613. secretae: apart'; separated from the assembly (concursum). sola acta: the strand was lonely compared with the concourse at the tomb.

615, 616. Heu- maris: ‘alas, to think that so many waters, that so much of the sea remains for us weary voyagers!' For the infinitive, see note on I, 37. Compare the language of Tennyson, Lotus Eaters:

'But evermore

Most weary seemed the sea, weary the oar,

Weary the wandering fields of barren foam.'

vox: predicate nominative with est understood, of which the foregoing clause is the subject.

618. medias: as medios, I, 440.

See note on I,

621. Cui: as one to whom.' A relative clause of cause. 388. Cui is better referred to Beroë than to Doryclus. Her rank made her a fit person for Iris to counterfeit.

622. sic: 'thus' transformed. Dardanidum: genitive as I, 565. 623, 624. Traxerit, reservat: for the mood, see note on 1. 621,

626 sqq. Septima: the seventh summer commenced with the departure of the Trojans from Sicily, and their speedy arrival in Carthage. See I, 755. From 1. 46 we learn that at the time of the games a year had elapsed since the funeral of Anchises. Virgil's chronology therefore is slightly inconsistent. vertitur: 'is closing'; finishing its revolution. Cf. III, 254. freta and terras: are governed by ferimur (= 'traverse'). For this use of the passive of fero, cf. vecti, I, 524. saxa Sideraque: objects of emensae.

630. fraterni: as in l. 24, on account of the relationship between Aeneas and Eryx.

631. iacere instead of quominus iaciamus. H. 608, 3; A. 331, g; G. 549, N. 1; (H. 535, IV). civibus: 'to (our) countrymen.'

632. nequiquam: for we have failed to secure for them a new abode. 633. Nullane iam: 'shall no walls now,' etc.; are we now at length to give up all hope?

634. Hectoreos: Hector is dear to them, and his heroic deeds are associated with these two rivers. Cf. 1. 190. They had hoped to find a new fatherland, where old names should be revived just as they were by Helenus in Epirus (see III, 497).

638. Iam done.'

-res: even now is it the time to act'; lit. 'for things to be

639. mora: sc. est. tantis: 'so great '; namely, as this dream. quattuor arae: 'four altars' on the shore, erected to Neptune, perhaps, by the captains of the four ships, before engaging in the race.

641. prima: Cf. I, 24.

642. procul with Sublata, 'high.' Cf. 1. 775.

646. vobis: the ethical dative; 'you have not Beroë here.'

648. qui spiritus illi: 'what a (godlike) air she has!'

651. quod, etc.: 'because she alone (of all) was deprived of such a festival.' 655. spectare: historical infinitive.

'hesitating.'

656. fatis: with the voice of fate.'

657. paribus alis: cf. IV, 252.

ancipites, Ambiguae: 'uncertain,'

659. Tum vero: when it was manifest that a goddess had been advising them, they were the more stimulated to execute their purpose.

660. focis penetralibus: from the sacred hearths'; i.e. of their temporary dwellings by the seashore.

661. spoliant: of the burning ‘boughs' (frondem, etc.).

662. immissis habenis: i.e. with unbridled fury.

663. abiete: ablative of material, for ex abiete; 'painted sterns of fir' is equivalent to 'sterns of painted fir.'

664, 665. Nuntius perfert: 'bears tidings'; lit. 'reports as a messenger.' 665. Incensas naves: 'the setting on fire of the ships.' See note on II, 413. 667, 668. ut sic: 'even thus as he was'; not laying aside his arms, and still mounted. equo ablative expressing the means of petivit, and is closely related to acer.

669. Castra: see note on IV, 604. magistri: Epytides and the other custodes. See note on l. 546.

670. iste: 'that (madness of yours).'

672. En: see note on I, 461.

673. Galeam, etc.: he takes off his helmet to verify his words. inanem: 'empty'; a natural appellative of the helmet when removed from the head. 674. ludo ciebat: cf. 11. 585 and 593.

676. diversa per litora: along different parts of the shore.'
677. sicubi Saxa: 'wherever (there are) hollow rocks.'
679. Mutataę: transformed,' coming to themselves.'

excussa: Juno,

through Iris, had stimulated them to execute a mad purpose. Her influence is now shaken off,' 'driven from their souls.'

681. udo: water has been cast on the outside, but does not penetrate into the closely packed calking of tow, or oakum, through which the fire is stealing its way.

683. Est: see note on IV, 66.

684. heroum: Aeneas and his captains.

685. abscindere: historical infinitive.

687. exosus: sc. es.

688. quid, etc.: ‘if (thy) pity, which is of old, has any regard for mortal sufferings.' Quid is an adverbial accusative.

689. da --classi: the infinitive is the direct, and classi the remote, object; 'grant that the fleet may escape the flames.'

691. tu: gives emphasis to the petition. quod superest: 'that which (alone) remains'; the only thing which remains for thee to do, and for me to desire or pray for, if my ships are now destroyed, is that thou at once destroy me with thy thunderbolt.

693. effusis imbribus: ablative absolute, expressing means.

694. sine more: 'without precedent'; i.e. with great fury.

695. Ardua terrarum: 'the hills.' See note on I, 422; and cf. VIII, 221; XI, 513. campi: 'the plains'; the level lands. ruit austris: down poured from all the sky its murky stores of rain, black with misty southern blasts' (Papillon).

697. super: 'to overflowing.'

700-778. Aeneas in his perplexity is advised by the aged Nautes to leave a portion of his followers in Sicily to form a new colony under the rule of

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