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Implicat, ejectoque incumbit cernuus armo.
Clamore incendunt cœlum Troësque Latinique.
Advolat Æneas, vaginâque eripit ensem:

Et super hæc: Ubi nunc Mezentius acer, et illa
Effera vis animi? Contrà Tyrrhenus, ut auras
Suspiciens hausit cœlum, mentemque recepit:
Hostis amare, quid increpitas, mortemque minaris?
Nullum in cæde nefas, nec sic ad prælia veni ;
Nec tecum meus hæc pepigit mihi fœdera Lausus.
Unum hoc, per, si qua est victis venia hostibus, oro;
Corpus humo patiare tegi. Scio acerba meorum
Circumstare odia: hunc, oro, defende furorem,
Et me consortem nati concede sepulchro.
Hæc loquitur, juguloque haud inscius accipit ensem,
Undantique animam diffundit in arma cruore.

NOTES.

894. Implicat: incumbers-presses him down. Cernuus: Ruæus says, pronus in caput, referring to the horse.

898. Vis: violence-impetuosity. Ut: when as soon as. Rumus says, postquam. 899. Suspiciens auras hausit. These words are capable of a two-fold version: as soon as looking up, he saw the light; taking cœlum in the sense of lucem, and supplying the word oculis. This Heyne prefers. Or, as soon as looking up, he drew in his breath; taking cœlum in the sense of spiritum. This is the sense of Rumus and Davidson. Auras: the prep. ad, is understood.

902. Pepigit hæc agreed upon these terms with you for me.

Venia: a favor.

904. Meorum: of my former subjects. 905. Defende hunc: avert, or forbid the indulgence of their furious resentment. Ruæus says, contine.

906. Concede: grant-permit. Mezentius
desired to be buried in the same grave with
his son.
This he begged as a favor, not

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that he could claim it as a right. As thev had not been separated in life, he wished not to be in death. It may here be remarked, that how wicked soever a person may have been in life, at the hour of his death, he earnestly desires the reward of virtue, and that in the future life, he may be a partaker with the righteous.

908. Diffundit: pours out his life. Undanti cruore: the blood flowing, or gushing upon his armor.

It may be remarked here, that the poet differs widely from the current of historians. They say, that in a war which broke out beMezentius was king, that Æneas was slain tween the Latins and Tuscans, over whom by him in a battle, fought on the banks of the river Numicus, whose waters carried his dead body into the sea, where it was never afterwards found. Hence it was believed, that he was taken to heaven and made a demi-god. This took place about three years after the building of the city Lavinium. See Æn. iv. 615.

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Where is mount Olympus?

Why was it taken by the poets for heaven?
Why is it here called omnipotens?

Where was Eneas during the transactions of the preceding book?

Having effected his object, does he make any further delay?

What part of his allies did he send by land?

By whom is he met on his way down the Tiber?

Who was the chief speaker among those nymphs?

Did she give him any particular information?

What was that information?

How was Turnus engaged in the mean time?

On the arrival of Eneas, what course did Turnus adopt?

Would this give him any advantage over the enemy?

How did Æneas effect a landing? Into how many divisions were his troops arranged?

Was any loss sustained in landing?

Who assault him with fury?

Why do the Tuscans attack him in this manner?

What effect had their assault upon him?
Whom of them did he kill?

Dare any of them engage him hand to

Who commanded that division of the hand? fleet?

Did Turnus effectually prevent the landing of Æneas?

What took place after the landing?
What feats of valor did Æneas perform?
Who was the first killed by him?
What took place in the wing commanded
by Pallas?

Why were the Arcadians beaten by the
Latins?

What was the nature of the ground, where they were engaged?

Upon this occcasion, what did Pallas do? What effect had his address upon his troops?

what feats of valor did he then perform? Whom did he kill?

Who commanded the troops opposed to Pallas?

Who was Lausus?

What feats of valor did he perform?

What were the ages of these young commanders?

Why did not the poet make them engage each other?

By whom were they slain?

In what pious duty did Lausus meet his death?

After the death of Pallas, what took place? Who was the principal agent in effecting this defeat of the Trojans?

At this crisis, what did Æneas do to restore the fight?

Why does he go in search of Turnus? By whom are the Trojans enabled to perform such feats of valor?

What did Juno do in the mean time? What effect had her speech upon Jove? Does she give any assistance to the Latins? What then is she permitted to do for Turnus?

How does she effect that object?

Does he finally put them all to flight? At this time, how stands the scale of victory?

Eneas observed Mezentius thundering through the thickest of the enemy, putting whole squadrons to flight; and what did he resolve to do?

Is Mezentius ready to meet him?
Who commences the assault?
Did his spear hit Æneas?

Whom did it kill?

Who was this Antores? Was he a valiant champion?

Had the spear of Æneas any effect upon Mezentius?

Was the wound mortal?

Who succors him in this critical moment'
How does Lausus meet the foe?

What effect had the sight of him upon
Eneas?

Does he make an address to him?

Is it a source of regret to him, to kill so noble a youth?

What becomes of his father in the mean time?

Does he express any concern about his son?

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Where does she conduct him? When he discovered the deception, what tion? effect had it upon him?

What did he do?

What was the character of that address? Is he in any way thankful for the favor of Juno?

If he must die, where did he desire to do it?

Who prevented him from killing himself in this state of distraction?

Whither was he finally carried by the winds?

Who succeeded Turnus in the command?
What feats of valor did he perform?

Was this a fair trial of strength and dexterity?

Did Mezentius beg any favor of the victor?
What was that favor?

Does the poet here agree with historians, in this particular?

Do they inform us that Mezentius was slain by Eneas?

Who then was the victor in the combat?
Where was the battle fought?

How long after his settlement in Italy, and the building of Lavinium?

What became of the body of Eneas?

LIBER UNDECIMUS.

THE death of Mezentius turned the scale of victory in favor of the Trojans, and their allies.

This book opens with preparations for burying the dead, and performing the funeral rites to Pallas. A thousand men accompany his corpse to the city of Evander, in slow and solemn procession.

In the mean time, ambassadors arrive from Latinus, praying for a truce, for the purpose of burying their dead. Æneas grants their request.

While these things are going on in the field, fear and alarm pervade the city of Latinus. Here Turnus had arrived. Drances, an aged and influential counsellor, accuses him of being the cause of the war, and the author of their calamities; and urges him to decide the dispute by single combat. Turnus however has many friends, who recount his noble deeds of valor. At this juncture, the ambassadors, who had been sent to the court of Diomede (Lib. 8.) returned. Latinus calls a council of all his senators and nobles to receive the reply, and to consult upon the present state of affairs. Venulus, the chief of the embassy, gives a full account of the mission; of his reception by Diomede; of the opinion of that monarch concerning the war, and the reason of his declining any interference in it. Latinus gives his opinion in favor of peace, and proposes to send ambassadors with rich presents to Æneas, bearing proposals of peace and amity. Drances follows in a speech of much virulence and invective against Turnus, accusing him of flight and cowardice, and proposed, if he were the mighty champion he claimed to be, that he should decide the dispute by single combat with Æneas, and prevent further effusion of blood.

Turnus replies in a manly strain: he repels the charge of cowardice by adverting to his noble achievements, to the thousands whom he had slain, and to the dismay which he had occasioned to the whole Trojan camp. He endeavors to allay their fears, and to inspire them with the hope of success. He recounts the valor of his troops; he mentions the cause in which they were engaged-the cause of their country: nor does he omit to mention the number, and fidelity of his allies. He concludes by observing, that he would not decline to meet the conqueror, if the common good required it; nor had he been so much abandoned by victory, as to refuse an enterprise of so glorious prospect, even though his enemy should prove himself a great Achilles. The whole of Turnus' speech bespeaks the soldier and the hero.

A messenge now arrives informing of the approach of the Trojans. The council dissolves. All prepare to defend the city. Turnus gives commands to several of his officers, arms himself, and appears at the head of his troops. Here he has an interview with Camilla. He confers on her the chief command of the horse, assisted by Messapus, with direction to engage the Tuscan cavalry in close fight, while he, with a chosen body of troops, would lie in ambush in a woody vale, through which, according to his information, Æneas would, with the main body of his army, advance upon the city. The Tuscan horse in the mean time approach the city, and the embattled squadrons are arranged in order of battle in front of each other. The Trojans commence the attack and repulse the Latins, who rally, and in turn drive the Trojans. At length a most desperate conflict takes place. Čamilla displayed distinguished skill and valor. She rode among the thickest combatants, and whole squadrons fled before her. Tarchon rallies his flying Tuscans, and renews the fight. Camilla is at last slain by Aruns; who also loses his life. The Trojans gain a victory. The expiring queen sends a messenger to inform Turnus of the event of the contest. He instantly leaves his retreat, and marches into the plain. No sooner had he done this, than Æneas, with his army, entered the defile, passed it, and reached the plain.

The battle would have been renewed between the rival princes, but night approached. Both armies encamp in sight of each other, and wait the coming day.

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OCEANUM intereà surgens Aurora reliqui

2. Eneas, victor sol- Æneas, quanquam et sociis dare tempus humanda.
vebat vota Deûm primo Præcipitant curæ, turbataque funere mens est,
Eoo, quanquam
Vota Deûm primo victor solvebat Eōo.
Ingentem quercum decisis undique ramis
Constituit tumulo, fulgentiaque induit arma,
7. Quod erat trophæum Mezentî ducis exuvias; tibi, magne, trophæum,
tibi, O magne

Bellipotens: aptat rorantes sanguine cristas,
Telaque trunca viri, et bis sex thoraca petitum
Perfossumque locis: clypeumque ex ære sinistræ
Subligat, atque ensem collo suspendit eburnum.
Tum socios, namque omnis eum stipata tegebat
Turba ducum, sic incipiens hortatur ovantes :
14. O viri, maxima Maxima res effecta, viri: timor omnis abesto.

res est

est

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Quod superest: hæc sunt spolia, et de regc superbo 15 16. Mezentius casus Primitia: manibusque meis Mezentius hic est. Nunc iter ad regem nobis murosque Latinos. Arma parate, animis et spe præsumite bellum : 19. Ne qua mora im- Ne qua mora ignaros, ubi primùm vellere signa pediat vos ignaros, sen- Annuerint Superi, pubemque educere castris, tentiaque tardet vos seg- Impediat, segnesque metu sententia tardet. nes metu, ubi primùm

Intereà socios inhumataque corpora terræ
Mandemus: qui solus honos Acheronte sub imo est.
Ite, ait: egregias animas, quæ sanguine nobis
Hanc patriam peperêre suo, decorate supremis
Muneribus: mæstamque Evandri primus ad urbem
Mittatur Pallas, quem non virtutis egentem
Abstulit atra dies, et funere mersit acerbo.

Sic ait illachrymans, recipitque ad limina gressum:

3. Funere: at the death of Pallas.

NOTES.

4. Primo Eöo. Eous here is taken as a substantive: with the first dawning light. The first business of the pious Eneas is to return thanks to the gods for his victory, although he wished to perform the last offices to his friends and companions in arms, and especially to Pallas.

6. Tumulo: on a rising ground. This trophy was consecrated to Mars, the god of war. It consisted of a trunk of a tree placed in the ground, with its branches cut off, and dressed in shining armor, the spoils (exuvias) of Mezentius, whom it was intended to represent. It had his waving plumes, his breast-plate, perforated in several places, his brazen shield bound to his left arm, and his ivory handled sword suspended

from his neck.

8. Rorantes: besmeared with blooddripping with blood.

9. Petitum: struck, or hit.

15. Hæc sunt spolia. By the rex superbus here, some understand Turnus: from him he had won the spoils in general, to which he first points; then to the trophy representing Mezentius, which he had just erected, and

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hung around with his arms. Hic est: here is Mezentius slain by my hand.

16. Primitia: the first fruits; put in apposition with hæc spolia. These Eneas here dedicated to Mars, the warrior god, in the

same manner as the first fruits of the earth were offered to the gods.

18. Præsumite: anticipate. Bellum: in the sense of pugnam.

19. Ubi primùm Superi: when first the gods permit us, &c. They never raised or pulled up the standards to march, without first consulting the gods.

21. Sententia metu: resolution-purpose accompanied by fear. The same as dubia

sententia.

opinion, that those who were unburied could not pass over the river Styx into the peaceful abodes of the happy, till after the revolution of a hundred years; which time the shade or umbra, roamed at large along its banks, in anxious expectation of the appointed period. See En. vi. 325, et sequens. Acheronte. Acheron here is used for the regions below, in general.

23. Qui honos solus. It was the received

25.Peperêre: gotten-obtained-procured. 29. Recipitque gressum. This alludes

Corpus ubi exanimi positum Pallantis Acœtes

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Servabat senior, qui Parrnasio Evandro

Armiger antè fuit; sed non felicibus æquè

32. Sed tum ibat co

Tum comes auspiciis charo datus ibat alumno.

Circùm omnis famulùmque manus, Trojanaque turba,
Et mæstum Iliades crinem de more solutæ.
Ut verò Æneas foribus sese intulit altis;
Ingentem gemitum tunsis ad sidera tollunt
Pectoribus, mæstoque immugit regia luctu.
Ipse caput nivei fultum Pallantis et ora
Ut vidit, levique patens in pectore vulnus
Cuspidis Ausoniæ, lachrymis ita fatur oboris:
Te-ne, inquit miserande puer, cùm læta veniret,
Invidit fortuna mihi? ne regna videres

Nostra, neque ad sedes victor veherere paternas ?
Non hæc Evandro de te promissa parenti
Discedens dederam; cùm me complexus euntem
Mitteret in magnum imperium; metuensque moneret
Acres esse viros, cum durâ prælia gente.
Et nunc ille quidem spe multùm captus inani,
Fors et vota facit, cumulatque altaria donis.
Nos juvenem exanimum, et nil jam cœlestibus ullis
Debentem, vano masti comitamur honore.
Infelix, nati funus crudele videbis !
Hi nostri reditus, expectatique triumphi !
Hæc mea magna fides! At non, Evandre, pudendis
Vulneribus pulsum aspicies: nec sospite dirum

NOTES.

to the custom of laying out the dead in the vestibule, or entrance before the door, after it was washed, anointed, and crowned with garlands. In such a place was the dead body of Pallas laid out, and watched by his aged friend Acœtes.

31. Parrhasio. Evander is called Parrhasian, from Parrhasia, a country, and also a city, of Arcadia, where he was born.

33. Comes: guardian, or tutor. Datus: appointed.

repre

35. Iliades mæstum. The poet here sents the Trojan matrons standing around the corpse of Pallas, in mourning attire. He had before told us, Æn. ix. 216, that Æneas left them all in Sicily, except the mother of Euryalus. Servius understands female slaves in this place. But they are never called Iliades. The poet would have, probably, altered the passage, had he lived to put the last hand to the Eneid.

39. Nivei Pallantis. The epithet niveus here may refer to the fairness of his face and countenance while living; or more probably to his countenance now white, and pale, and cold in death. Fullum: supported-bolstered up.

41. Cuspidis. Cuspis is here taken for the whole spear, by synec. It is the spear

mes datus charo alumno non æquè

34. Omnisque manus 35 &c. stant circùm

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35. Solutæ mæstum crinem

quoad

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with which Turnus killed the noble youth: here called Ausonian, or Italian.

42. Invidit-ne fortuna: did fortune, when she came propitious, (læta,) envy thee to me, O lamented youth?

44. Veherere: in the sense of reducereris. 47. In magnum imperium: against a powerful empire. Or it may mean, in prospect of a mighty empire. The former best agrees with what follows. Ruæus says, in magnum imperium Etruscorum: which is the sense of Valpy. Heyne refers it to Latium, to the government of which Eneas was about to succeed. It was by the aid of Evander that he overcame the Rutuli and Latini.

50. Fors: in the sense of fortasse. 51. Nil debentem ullis. Commentators understand by this, his being no longer a subject of the gods above, but in the power he was now discharged from every vow of the gods below. But it may mean, that which he had made to the celestial godsthat he would never return to perform any he had made himself, or which his father was making for him. Vano: unavailing. Inutili, says Ruæus. All their pomp (honore) and parade were of no avail to him. "The living are subject to the gods above, the deal to those below :" Valpy.

56. Pulsum: in the sense of cæsum.

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