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Indignum est, Italos Trojam circundare flammis
Nascentem, et patriâ Turnum consistere terrâ ;
Cui Pilumnus avus, cui diva Venilia mater.
Quid, face Trojanos atrâ vim ferre Latinis?
Arva aliena jugo premere, atque avertere prædas?
Quid, soceros legere, et gremiis abducere pactas ?
Pacem orare manu, præfigere puppibus arma?
Tu potes Æneam manibus subducere Graiûm,
Proque viro nebulam et ventos obtendere inanes;
Et potes in totidem classem convertere Nymphas :
Nos aliquid Rutulos contrà juvisse, nefandum est.
Eneas ignarus abest: ignarus et absit.

Est Paphos, Idaliumque tibi; sunt alta Cythera:
Quid gravidam bellis urbem, et corda aspera tentas?
Nos-ne tibi fluxas Phrygiæ res vertere fundo
Conamur? nos? an miseros qui Troas Achivis
Objecit? quæ causa fuit consurgere in arma
Europamque Asiamque, et fœdera solvere furto?

NOTES.

by the words "guileful measures," alluding
to what is said in the preceding line.
74. Indignum est: it is a heinous crime, to
be sure, that the Italians, &c.

76. Pilumnus: a king of the Rutuli, and reputed son of Jove. He was one of the ancestors of Turnus, and was deified. Venilia: she was the sister of Amata, and mother of Turnus. She also was made a goddess.

77. Quid, Trojanos: what is it for the Trojans to offer violence, &c. Servius explains atra face, by savo bello. Dr. Trapp thinks this is an allusion to the story of Paris, whose mother dreamed she should bring forth a torch or fire-brand; he being the cause of the war, which proved the ruin of Troy. Fax, signifies the first motives or incentives to any thing. Fax belli, is therefore the commencement of war. Incendia belli, is a war when it hath come to its height, and lays every thing waste before it, like a devouring flame. Atrâ face: with black or hostile torches. Rumus says, nigris tædis.

78. Premere jugo: to subjugate. Arva: in the sense of terras vel regiones.

79. Legere. Servius renders it, by furari. Hence they are called Sacrilegi, qui sacra legunt; i. e. furantur. Pactas: betrothed spouses; sponsas being understood, or perhaps it is implied in pactas. Legere soceros : to steal fathers-in-law; that is, to marry their daughters without their consent, and against their wills. Heyne says, eligere

sumere.

80. Orare pacem: to implore peace with the hand, and to fix arms on the sterns of their ships. This refers to the olive boughs, which they held in their hands as a sign of peace when they visited the court of Lati

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nus. This is an invidious reflection of Juno, and entirely groundless. If it refer to the Latins, there was no crime in suing for peace, and being at the same time prepared for war. It was the most likely way to obtain it. If it relate to the Arcadians: they had no design of war upon them. Their arms were designed only to guard them against the insults of enemies on their passage to the court of Evander.

84. Nefandum est: it is a horrid crime for us, &c. The following line contains a most As if Juno had said: if severe sarcasm.

Eneas, the general of an army, choose to be absent in so critical a juncture, and is not careful to inform himself of their state, let him, for aught I care, remain ignorant, and never return.

87. Urbem. The city Laurentum, to the government of which Eneas would arrive, by marrying Lavinia. Gravidam: potentem, says Ruæus. Aspera: in the sense of belli

cosa.

88. Tibi. This is either redundant, or used in the sense of tua, agreeing with Phrygia. Juno here speaks in the present time, though reference is had to the Trojan war. This change of tense is often very elegant. It gives life and animation to the subject. Fluxas res. Rumus says, fragile regnum, the frail power of thy Troy.

89. Qui. This refers to Paris, who was the cause of the Trojan war. Nos: was it I, or was it not rather that Paris, who exposed the unhappy, &c.

91. Furto: here adultery, treachery. Furtum also signifies any private, or secret act of wickedness. An allusion is here made to the rape of Helen, which was an act of the basest kind; a most perfidious crime. After this the Greeks, we mav☛pose, would

94 Tuis Trojanis

Me duce, Dardanius Spartam expugnavit adulter?
Aut ego tela dedi, fovi-ve cupidine bella?
Tunc decuit metuisse tuis; nunc sera querelis
Haud justis assurgis, et irrita jurgia jactas.

Talibus orabat Juno: cunctique fremebant
Cœlicolæ assensu vario: ceu flamina prima
Cùm deprênsa fremunt sylvis, et cæca volutant
Murmura, venturos nautis prodentia ventos.

Tum pater omnipotens, rerum cui summa potestas,
Eo dicente, Deûm domus alta silescit,

Infit.

Et tremefacta solo tellus, silet arduus æther:

95

101

105

103. Posuêre flatum; Tum Zephyri posuêre; premit placida æquora pontus. pontus Accipite ergò animis atque hæc mea figite dicta. Quandoquidem Ausonios conjungi fœdere Teucris Haud licitum est, nec vestra capit discordia finem: 107. Secat sibi factis, Quæ cuique est fortuna hodie, quam quisque secat spem, sive fuat Tros, Rutulus- Tros Rutulusve fuat, nullo discrimine habebo:

ve, habebo cos

ianorum tenentur

109. Seu castra Tro- Seu fatis Italûm castra obsidione tenentur,
Sive errore malo Troja, monitisque sinistris.
Nec Rutulos solvo. Sua cuique exorsa laborem
Fortunamque ferent. Rex Jupiter omnibus idem.
Stygii per flumina fratris,
Per pice torrentes atrâque voragine ripas

113. Ille annuit per, Fata viam invenient.

flumina

NOTES.

have no further intercourse, or treaties, with the Trojans: which is the idea conveyed in solvere fœdera. Heyne takes furto, in the sense of raptu.

92. Expugnavit Spartam. History informs us that Paris did not carry off Helen in an amicable manner, but by violence and force. In her heart, however, she might not have been averse to it. This the Trojan prince effected in the absence of the Grecian king, who had entertained him in a very hospitable manner. Juno here calls him an adulterer, and represents him as an insidious enemy. Expugnavit: he assaulted, &c.

93. Fovi bella: fomented-caused wars through lust. Cupidine: unlawful desire, or love.

94. Nunc: this refers to the time of the rape of Helen. Here Juno is extremely

severe.

95. Haud justis: in the sense of injustis. Jurgia: reproaches-complaints.

97. Vario assensu: with various assent; some approved of the speech of Venus, others of the speech of Juno.

98. Deprênsa: caught-pent up in the woods. Caca murmura: murmurs scarcely to be heard. Prodentia: intimating to, &c. 101. Infit: in the sense of incipit.

102. Solo. Whatever supports any thing may be called solum. Solum terra would be the foundation of the earth. Rumus says, à fundamentis.

103. Premat: levels-renders smooth. Rumus says, st_mit.

110

107. Quam spem, &c. Servius and some others take secat: in the sense of tenet vel habet. But Turnebus, in the sense of sumit; and Ruæus, in the sense of assumit: takes, or assumes to himself; as when one divides a thing into parts or portions. Heyne differs from most commentators in the sense of the verb secat. He takes it in the sense of incidere, vel perdere: to cut off, or destroy by their actions.

109. Fatis Italûm, &c. This is generally understood of the fates unkind or hostile to the Italians. Rumus interprets fatis, by damno: loss or damage. Davidson thinks malis is to be supplied.

110. Malo errore: whether by a fatal whether the Trojans shall be successful in error of Troy, and inauspicious presagesrepelling the assaults of the Italians: this is whether the Italians should prove victorious expressed in the preceding line, seu fatis: or over the Trojans; these having been defatal error, in coming hither to find a perceived by false predictions, and led into a

manent settlement.

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Annuit, et totum nutu tremefecit Olympum.
Hic finis' fandi. Solio tum Jupiter aureo
Surgit; cœlicolæ medium quem ad limina ducunt.
Intereà Rutuli portis circùm omnibus instant
Sternere cæde viros, et mania cingere flammis.
At legio Æneadûm vallis obsessa tenetur ;
Nec spes ulla fuga. Miseri stant turribus altis
Nequicquam, et rara muros cinxêre coronâ.
Asius Imbrasides, Hicetaoniusque Thymates,
Assaracique duo, et senior cum Castore Tymbris,
Prima acies: hos germani Sarpedonis ambo,
Et clarus, et Hæmon, Lyciâ comitantur ab altâ.
Fert ingens toto connixus corpore saxum,
Haud partem exiguam montis, Lyrnessius Acmon,
Nec Clytio genitore minor, nec fratre Mnestheo.
Hi jaculis, illi certant defendere saxis ;
Molirique ignem, nervoque aptare sagittas.
1pse inter medios, Veneris justissima cura,
Dardanius caput ecce puer detectus honestum,
Qualis gemma, micat, fulvum quæ dividit aurum,
Aut collo decus, aut capiti: vel quale per artem
Inclusum buxo, aut Oriciâ terebintho
Lucet ebur. Fusos cervix cui lactea crines
Accipit, et molli subnectit circulus auro.

Te quoque magnanimæ viderunt, Ismare, gentes
Vulnera dirigere, et calamos armare veneno,
Mæoniâ generose domo: ubi pinguia culta
Exercentque viri, Pactolusque irrigat auro.
Affuit et Mnestheus, quem pulsi pristina Turni
Aggere murorum sublimem gloria tollit;
Et Capys: hinc nomen Campanæ ducitur urbi.

NOTES.

115. Annuit: he ratified or confirmed it. 117. Calicola medium, &c. This alludes to the Roman custom of conducting the consul from the senate house to his own dwelling, or apartment.

120. Legio Eneadûm: simply the Trojans. The Trojans were called Eneada,

from Eneas their leader.

122. Cinxêre muros: they defend the walls with thin ranks. Rumus says, exiguo nu

mero.

128. Lyrnessius: an adj. from Lyrnessum a city of Phrygia, near the Sinus Adramyl

tenus.

130. Hi-illi. Davidson renders these: some-others. Valpy refers the hi to the Rutulians who were assaulting the ramparts; and the illi to the Trojans who were defending them. But when these pronouns refer to separate members of the sentence, ille refers to the one first mentioned or more remote; and hic to the latter, or last mentioned.

131. Molirique ignem: to throw flames.

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136. Terebintho: the terebinthus, or turpentine tree. Its wood bears a resemblance to ebony. Oricia: an adj. from Oricum, a town of Macedonia in the confines of Epirus, where those trees abounded.

140. Armare: in the sense of ungere. Calamos: darts, or missive weapons in general. Generose: voc. agreeing with Ismare: nobly descended from a Lydian family.

142. Pactolus irrigat: Pactolus waters them with its gold-golden stream. This was a small river, on whose banks stood the famous city Sardes, the capital of Lydia. Here Croesus held his court. It empties into the Hermus, one of the largest rivers of Asia Minor, and with it flows into the sea near the city of Ephesus. They were both celebrated for their golden sands. The poet here supposes the water of the Pactolus to be of a golden hue.

145. Campana urbi. Capua, the capital of Campania. Here Hannibal took up his winter quarters. But the luxury and dissipation of the place, proved the ruin of his affairs in Italy.

148. Namque ut primùm digressus ab Evandro, et ingressus

150. Edocet quidve

157. Tenet prima loca, subjuncta quoad Phrygios leones rostro.

162. Jam quærit iter opac noctis; jam quæ dura Æneas passus est

manus mille

Illi inter sese duri certamina belli
Contulerant: mediâ Æneas freta nocte secabat."
Namque ut ab Evandro castris ingressus Etruscis
Regem adit, et regi memorat nomenque genusque;
Quæ sibi conciliet, violentaque pectora Turni
Quidve petat, quidve ipse ferat; Mezentius arma
Edocet; humanis quæ sit fiducia rebus

150

155

Admonet, immiscetque preces. Haud fit mora: Tarchon
Jungit opes, fœdusque ferit. Tum libera fatis,
Classem conscendit jussis gens Lydia Divûm,
Externo commissa duci. Eneïa puppis
Prima tenet, rostro Phrygios subjuncta leones:
Imminet Ida super, profugis gratissima Teucris.
Hic magnus sedet Eneas, secumque volutat
Eventus belli varios: Pallasque sinistro
Affixus lateri, jam quærit sidera, opacæ
Noctis iter; jam quæ passus terrâque marique.

Pandite nunc Helicona, Deæ, cantusque movete :
Quæ manus intereà Tuscis comitetur ab oris
Ænean, armetque rates, pelagoque vehatur.
Massicus æratâ princeps secat æquora Tigri :
167. Sub quo erat Sub quo mille manus juvenum; qui mœnia Clusî,
Quique urbem liquêre Cosas queis tela, sagittæ,
Corytique leves humeris, et letifer arcus.
Unà torvus Abas: huic totum insignibus armis
Agmen, et aurato fulgebat Apolline puppis.
Sexcentos illi dederat Populonia mater
Expertos belli juvenes: ast Ilva trecentos,

170. Torvus Abas erat unà cum illo: huic totum agmen fulgebat

NOTES.

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150. Ferat: in the sense of efferat.

151. Pectora: the mind or temper. Conciliet: procures gains over to his interest. This alludes to a supposed alliance with Turnus and the Rutulians.

154. Opes: troops-means of carrying on the war-power. Ferit: in the sense of sancil.

155. Lydia gens: after the expulsion of Mezentius, the Tuscans were forbidden by the fates to make themselves a king, unless he were a foreigner; or to march against him, unless under the command of a foreign general. They are free from this restraint, now that Eneas had arrived, and are at liberty to enter under his banner. The Tuscans were originally a colony from Lydia. Hence they are called Lydia gens. It is most likely, they had a fleet already prepared for an expedition. For in the short time Eneas was with them, they could not have built or even equipped

one.

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165

170

157. Subjuncta. The ship of Eneas had Phrygian lions yoked together, and placed under its prow or beak for its ensign. The lion was sacred to Cybele, who presided over Phrygia, and particularly over mount Ida, of whose pines Eneas had built his fleet.

158. Ida: the name of one of the galleys, commanded by Æneas in person. Super imminet: rises-towers above the rest.

161. Quærit: inquires concerning, &c. 165. Pelago: in the sense of fluvio. 167. Clust. Clusium was a city of Tuscany. Hodie, Chiusi.

168. Cosas: the acc. plu, of Cosa or Cosa, a maritime town of Tuscany, near the promontory Argentarium. Cosas is put in apposition with urbem. Queis: whose weapons were arrows, &c. Queis: in the sense of quorum.

169. Coryti. Corytus is a word originally Greek, of the same import with pharetra, a quiver.

172. Populonia: an adj. from Populonium, a city on the promontory of that name. It is called mater, in the sense that Italia is called parens. Populonia mater: simply, the city Populonium.

173. Iva: an island to the south of Popa

ENEIS. LIB. X.

Insula inexhaustis Chalybum generosa metallis.
Tertius, ille hominum Divûmque interpres Asylas,
Cui pecudum fibræ, cœli cui sidera parent,
Et linguæ volucrum, et præsagi fulminis ignes:
Mille rapit densos acie, atque horrentibus hastis.
Hos parere jubent Alpheæ ab origine Pisa,
Urbs Etrusca solo. Sequitur pulcherrimus Astur,
Astur equo fidens et versicoloribus armis.

Ter centum adjiciunt, mens omnibus una sequendi,
Qui Cærete domo, qui sunt Minionis in arvis;
Et Pyrgi veteres, intempestæque Graviscæ.

Non ego te, Ligurum ductor fortissime bello,
Transierim, Cinyra; et paucis comitate, Cupavo,
Cujus olorinæ surgunt de vertice pennæ.
Crimen amor vestrum, formæque insigne paternæ.

NOTES.

lonium. Hodie, Elba. It abounded in iron
mines (metallis) according to Strabo. Vir-
This
gil here calls them inexhaustible.
Generosa:
island sent three hundred men.
abounding in. Rumus interprets it by in-
clyla. Experlos: expert-skilful.

177. Ignes: the flashes of the ominous lightning.

178. Densos: in the sense of confertos. Milites is understood.

179. Pisa, urbs Etrusca solo: Pise, a city, Tuscan in its situation, Alphean in its origin, orders these troops to obey Asylas. This city stood on the western bank of the river Arnus, in Tuscany. It was supposed to have been founded by a colony from the Peloponnesus. Hence called Alphea, from Alpheus, a river of that country, on whose banks stood the famous city Olympia Pisa. Solo: in the sense of situ.

183. Cærete domo: from the city Care. It was subject to Mezentius. Hodie, Cerveleri. Minionis. Minio was the name of a river. Hodie, Mugnone.

184. Pyrgi. These people inhabited a maritime town, not far from Care, or Cæretane. It has long since been destroyed. Gravisca: the name of a town on the sea-, coast, unwholesome on account of the fens or marshes in the neighborhood. It took its name from gravitas aëris. All these different cities, with one mind, enter the war.

185. Ligurum: the gen. of Ligures, the
inhabitants of Liguria, an extensive country
of Italy; a part of which is now the terri-
tory of Genoa.

186. Cinyra-Cupavo. This passage is
It has divided the
obscure and difficult.
Phaeton, the
opinions of commentators.
son of Phœbus and Clymene, desired of his
father the government of his chariot for one
day; which with difficulty was granted him,
The youth being unable to guide the fiery
steeds, they turned from their diurnal track,
and came so near the earth that it began to

175

180

185

175. Tertius erat ille Asylas interpres

178. Ille rapit mille viros densos acie

183. Qui sunt ex domo Cærete, qui sunt in arvis Minionis

186. Et te, O Cupavo, comitate paucis militi bus

burn. He was thrown headlong into the
Po. His sisters sought him every where.
At length, finding his tomb on the banks of
that river, they pined away with grief at
formed either into alder or poplar trees.
the fate of their brother, and were trans-
See Ovid. Met. 2. Cinyra, king of the Li-
gures, was a near relation of Phaëton, and,
was changed into a Cycnus, or swan. Dr.
grieving immoderately at his misfortune,
In this case, the
Trapp takes Cinyra and Cupavo to have
been brothers, the sons of him who was
transformed into a swan.
application of vestrum is easy and proper.
But to apply it to Cupavo alone, as most
commentators do, is not so proper. He sup-
poses their crime to have been the honoring
of their father too much, by bearing his
upon their shields, and his feathers on their
metamorphosed figure (the swan) engraven
helmets. Their love amounted to a crime,
because it was for one whom the gods had
them, in his immoderate grief for Phaeton.
punished for an offence committed against
Ruæus thinks vestrum crimen, to be the crime
of the family in general, who, by their im-
moderate grief for Phaeton, offended the
gods, and were many of them changed into
other forms. It may be objected to the in-
terpretation of Dr. Trapp, that filius is after-
observes, though they were brothers, the
ward used in the singular number. But he
Davidson reads,
oldest might be mentioned by way of dis-
tinction and eminence.
Heyne conjectures there is here an interpo-
Cycnus. See Ecl. vi. 62. and Æn. v. 105.
lation. He differs from commentators in
general in the interpretation of verse 186.
He connects Cinyra with Cupavo in the
same member of the sentence. Non transi-
erim te, Cupavo, comitate à Cinyra, et paucis
aliis, is his ordo of construction.

188. Amor crimen: Rumus says, amor est crimen vestræ familiæ, et insigne petitum ex transformatione vatris

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