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Diceret: Hæc mea sunt; veteres migrate coloni.
Nunc victi, tristes, quoniam fors omnia versat,
Hos illi (quod nec benè vertat) mittimus hædos.
Ly. Certè equidem audieram, quâ se subducere colles
Incipiunt, mollique jugum demittere clivo,
Usque ad aquam et veteris jam fracta cacumina fagi,
Omnia carminibus vestrum servâsse Menalcan.

2. Nos vivi pervenimus eò miseriæ, ut advena possessor

4. Hæc arva sunt mea;

vos,

O veteres coloni, 7. Certè equidem audieram vestrum Domi10 num Menalcan servâsse sibi omnia arva suis carminibus ab eo loce, quà colles incipiunt subdu

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cere se

11. Audieras illud, et talis fuit fama

13. Columbas valere
14. Quòd nisi sinistra
monuisset me

heu tua cornix
[nobis antè ab ilice cava inci-

Ma. Audieras, et fama fuit: sed carmina tantùm
Nostra valent, Lycida, tela inter Martia, quantùm
Chaonias dicunt, aquilâ veniente, columbas,
Quòd nisi me quâcumque novas incidere lites
Antè sinistra cavâ monuisset ab ilice cornix ;
Nec tuus hic Moris, nec viveret ipse Menalcas.
LY. Heu! cadit in quemquam tantum scelus?
Penè simul tecum solatia rapta, Menalca!
Quis caneret Nymphas ? quis humum florentibus herbis dere
Spargeret? aut viridi fontes induceret umbrâ?
Vel quæ sublegi tacitus tibi carmina nuper,
Cùm te ad delicias ferres Amaryllida nostras ?
Tityre, dum redeo, brevis est via, pasce capellas:
"Et potum pastas age, Tityre, et inter agendum
"Occursare capro, cornu ferit ille, caveto."

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Ma. Immò hæc, quæ Varo, necdum perfecta, canebat. “Vare, tuum nomen (superet modò Mantua nobis,

NOTES.

3. Agelli: a noun diminutive from ager: a little farm.

5. Fors in the sense of fortuna.

6. Quod nec benè vertat: which (present of the kids,) I wish may not turn out well to him. The usual mode of congratulation upon receiving a favor was: Benè vertat, I wish you joy-may it turn out well to you. nec benè vertat, therefore, was a kind of imprecation: may it prove a mischief to you.

7. Subducere se: to decline-to fall. 8. Demittere jugum: to lower their ridge, or top, by an easy descent. Here we have a description of the farm of Virgil. It was bounded on one side by a sloping hill; in other parts of its limits, were the broken top of an old beech-tree, a marsh, and the river Mincius.

9. Ad aquam perhaps the river Mincius. 13. Aquilâ veniente: the eagle coming upon them-pursuing them. Here we have a beautiful circumlocution, expressing the inutility of his verses, and the charms of poetry, amidst martial arms. Chaonias: an adj. from Chaonia, a part of Epirus, where was the city Dodona, and a grove of the same name, famous for its oracular oaks. Columbas: two doves endued with a prophetic spirit are said to have resided among these oaks. Afterward one of them is said to have flown to the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and the other to the temple of Jupiter Ammon in Africa. They are here put for døves in general.

18. Heu tua solatia rapta sunt penè nobis simul tecum

21. Vel quis caneret carmina, quæ tacitus 23. Quorum versuum hoc est fragmentum: 0 Tityre, pasce

26. Immo potius quis caneret hæccarmina, quæ ille Menalcas

14. Incidere novas lites, &c. To break off my new disputes in any way whatever. Lis, is properly an action or case at law.

15. Sinistra: ill-boding. See Ecl. 1. 18. 16. Hic tuus Maris. It appears from this that the life of Virgil, who is here called Menalcas, and that of Maris, had been in danger from the new landlord.

17. Heu, tantum scelus, &c. Alas! that so great wickedness should fall upon any one. Or the words may be rendered thus; Alas! that so great wickedness should come into any one's mind:-that any one should conceive the idea of perpetrating the horrid deed of murder. This is the usual sense given to the words.

18. Heu, tua solatia, &c. Alas, Menalcas, your delight (the delight of your song,) was almost snatched from us with yourself: and if you had been quite slain, in that case, who would have sung the nymphs, &c. Heyne observes that by solatia we are to understand the song, carmina, or verses of Menal

cas.

21. Sublegi: I purloined from you. Ruæus says, surripui.

22. Nostras delicias: for nostram amicam. Delicia is used only in the plural; delightdarling: here a mistress.

24. Age pastas: drive them full fed to drink. Potum: sup. in um, to drink-take water. Inter agendum: in driving them-while driving them, beware, &c.

26. Varo: to Varus. See Ecl. 6. 7.

27. Quorum hoc est" fragmentum: O Vare, cantantes cycni ferent

tuum nomen

P. VIRGILII MARONIS

Mantua, væ miseræ nimiùm vicina Cremone!)
Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera cycni."
Ly. Sic tua Cyrneas fugiant examina taxos,
Sic cytiso pasta distentent ubera vaccæ:
Incipe, si quid habes: et me fecere poëtam
Pierides: sunt et mihi carmina: me quoque dicunt
34. Ego sum non cre- Vatem pastores, sed non ego credulus illis.
dulus illis.
Nam neque adhuc Varo videor, nec dicere Cinnâ
Digna, sed argutos inter strepere anser olores.

35. Nam adhuc videor mihi dicere carmina digna noque

38. Nunc recordor fragmentum ejus: ades huc," O Galatea:

43. Sine ut insani
44. Quæ carmina au-
dieram te solum canen-
tem sub pura nocte

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Ma. Id quidem ago, et tacitus, Lycida, mecum ipse voHuc ades, ô Galatea: quis est nam ludus in undis? Si valeam meminisse: neque est ignobile carmen. [luto, "Hic ver purpureum; varios hic flumina circùm "Fundit humus flores: hìc candida populus antro "Imminet, et lentæ texunt umbracula vites. "Huc ades; insani feriant sine litora fluctus."

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Audieram ? numeros memini, si verba tenerem.
LY. Quid, quæ te purâ solum sub nocte canentem
Ma. "Daphni, quid antiquos signorum suspicis ortus?
Ecce, Dionæi processit Cæsaris astrum :

NOTES.

28. Cremona. Cremona was a city on the western bank of the river Po, not far from Mantua. Its inhabitants were involved in the same misfortune with those of Mantua, in having their property and lands taken from them by Augustus. Hence the epithet misera.

29. Cycni: properly swans. By meton. poets. The meaning of this fragment is, that if Mantua should be preserved from the calamity which had befallen Cremona, through the influence of Varus, the Mantuan poets would celebrate his praises and raise his name to the stars. By Cantantes cycni, says Heyne, we are to understand the Mantuan poets.

30. Cyrneas; an adj. from Cyrnus, an island in the Mediterranean sea. Corsica. This island abounded in the yewHodie tree hence the epithet Cyrnean. The honey made of this tree was of a bitter quality, and universally considered bad. For this reason Lycidas wished the swarms of his friend to shun those trees. swarms of bees. Examina:

32. Poetam: a poet. Vatem: a poet, or prophet. These words are frequently used as synonymous, but they are not strictly so. 35. Cinna. Cornelius Cinna, the grandson of Pompey the Great. He became a favorite of Augustus.

36. Digna: things worthy of: or it may agree with carmina, understood; verses worthy of the attention of Varus and Cinna; or worthy to celebrate their actions. strepere anser: to gabble as a goose among tuneful swans-to sounds, &c. make inharmonious

37. Ago: in the sense of facio. Tacitus

ipse voluto: I am thinking silently with myself, if I can recollect it. Voluto: I am revolving it in my mind.

in the waves? The parts of the word are
separated by Tmesis. Nothing can be more
39. Quisnam ludus: what sport is there
It is in imitation of the eleventh Idyl of
Theocritus.
beautiful than the whole of this fragment.

to be supplied.
40. Purpureum: blooming-gay. Est is

Umbracula: a dim. noun from umbra, a lit-
41. Fundit: in the sense of producit.
tle, or pleasant shade.
42. Terunt: in the sense of efficiunt.

43. Insani: raging-stormy.
44. Quid: in the sense of cur

if I knew the words, I would sing them.
These last, or some other of the like import,
45. Mimini numeros: I recollect the tune;
are evidently implied. Or else we must take
si in the sense of Utimam; I wish-O that.
46. Suspicis: in the sense of miraris.

47. Astrum. This word properly signifies greater dignity to the star of Cæsar. a constellation of stars. The poet uses it gil makes Ïülus the son of Æneas, the founder here for a single star, thereby giving the of the Julian family. Iülus was the grandVirson of Venus, who according to some was by Jupiter. Hence the epithet Dionaan. the daughter of Dione, a nymph of the sea, said a remarkable comet appeared, which the Romans considered to be the soul of About the time of Julius Caesar's death, it is calls it the star of Cæsar, agreeable to the Cæsar received up to heaven. The poet Dr. Halley, appeared the third time in vulgar notion. This comet, according to

"Astrum, quo segetes gauderent frugibus, et quo "Duceret apricis in collibus uva colorem.

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Insere, Daphni, pirus, carpent tua poma nepotes." 50
Omnia fert ætas, animum quoque. Sæpe ego longos
Cantando puerum memini me condere soles.
Nunc oblita mihi tot carmina: vox quoque Morim
Jam fugit ipsa: lupi Mœrim vidêre priores.
Sed tamen ista satìs referet tibi sæpe Menalcas.

51. Ego memini me puerum sæpe condere

55 55. Ista carmina tibi sæpe satis

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56. Longum tempus

62. Tamen veniemus opportunè

LY. Causando nostros in longum ducis amores: Et nunc omne tibi stratum silet æquor, et omnes (Aspice) ventosi ceciderunt murmuris auræ. Hinc adeò media est nobis via: namque sepulchrum Incipit apparere Bianoris: hìc, ubi densas Agricolæ stringunt frondes; hìc, Mori, canamus : Hic hædos depone, tamen veniemus in urbem : Aut si, nox pluviam ne colligat ante, veremur: Cantantes licet usque (minùs via lædet) eamus. Cantantes ut eamus, ego hoc te fasce levabo. Ma. Desine plura, puer : et quod nunc instat, agamus. verba Carmina tum meliùs, cùm venerit ipse, canemus.

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63. Antè quàm pervenerimus ad eam, licet nobis ut eamus usquo cantantes.

66. Desine loqui plura

67. Cùm Menalcas ipse

NOTES.

1680. In its nearest approach to the sun, its tail was about 60 degrees long. Processit; moves along-hath begun its course. 48. Quo segetes, &c. Under which (by the influence of which) the fields shall rejoice with corn. Or, the crops shall abound in grain; taking segetes for the stalks or springing corn. Gauderent, by enallage for gaudebunt. Sata abundabunt frumento, says Ru

æus.

49. Uva duceret colorem: shall take color-grow ripe. Duceret: for ducet, by enallage.

50. Insere piros: plant or graft your peartrees. The star of Cæsar shall extend its influence to them. They will grow and flourish; and if you should not live to reap the fruit of your labor yourself, be assured your offspring will. Piros may be put for fruit trees in general: the species for the genus.

51. Etas: in the sense of tempus. Animum: in the sense of memoriam.

52. Condere longos Soles: to pass or spend long days in singing. Sol is often taken for the day, as Luna is for the night. See Æn. 2.255.

54. Lupi priores: the wolves first have seen Maris. He hath lost his voice-he cannot sing. Alluding to a superstitious notion that if a wolf saw a man the first, he would lose his voice.

55. Referet: in the sense of recitabit. 56.Causando: by framing excuses. From the verb causor. Ducis: you put off-defer. Amores: pleasure-entertainment.

57. Omne stratum æquor, &c. The whole

level surface of the water, is still for you. Stratum: smooth-level. To consider stratum as expressing the tranquillity of the water is mere tautology: that is sufficiently expressed by silet. Equor any plain or level surface, whether land or water; here, probably, the river Mincius. Omnes aura, &c. Every breeze of whispering wind hath ceased. Ventosi murmuris: in the sense of

murmurantis venti.

59. Adeò: only-surely.

60. Sepulchrum Bianoris: the tomb of Bianor. He was said to be the son of the river Tiber and the nymph Manto. He founded, or rather enlarged Mantua, and called it after the name of his mother. See En. 10. 198. His tomb was placed by the side of the way.

61. Stringunt: prune, or lop off the thick boughs.

62. Urbem. The city Mantua. Depone hædos: lay down your kids. He was probably carrying them upon his shoulders. Let us stay here awhile and amuse ourselves in singing: we shall, nevertheless, arrive in town in good time.

64. Usque: all the way-all the time. Lædet: in the sense of fatigabit.

65. Levabo te, &c. I will ease you of this burden-load: to wit, the kids, which ho was carrying to town for his new landlord. See verse 6, supra.

66. Puer: swain. It is applied to shepherds in general.

67. Cùm ipse, &c. It is probable that Virgil composed this Eclogue when he was at Rome.

P. VIRGILII MARONIS

QUESTIONS.

To whom did the estate of Virgil fall in the distribution of the Mantuan lands?

Did he receive any hard treatment from Arius? How did he save his life? What was the name of his steward? Who is Lycidas supposed to be? When does the pastoral open? Where is the scene laid? What is the time of the day? What is the subject of this pastoral? What is the character of it?

What is the distinction between poeta, and Vates?

served in the heavens about the time of JuWhat remarkable appearance was oblius Cæsar's death?

What does the poet call it?

When did it appear the third time?
Who was Bianor? What did he do?

ECLOGA DECIMA.

GALLUS.

THE suoject of this fine pastoral is the love of Gallus for Lycoris, who refused his addresses, and gave her affections to an officer. This Gallus was a particular friend of Virgil, and was an excellent poet. He raised himself from a humble station to great favor with Augustus, who appointed him governor of Egypt after the death of Anthony and Cleopatra.

THE scene of the pastoral is laid in Arcadia, whither the poet supposes his friend to have retired in the height of his passion. Here all the rural deities assemble around him, inquire the cause of his grief, and endeavor to moderate it. This Eclogue is not surpassed by any of the preceding, except the fourth, in beauty and grandeur. Ilere, too, Virgil imitates Theocritus, particularly in his first Idyl. By Lycoris is meant Cytheris, a most beautiful woman, and celebrated actress.

2. Pauca carmina sunt Pauca meo Gallo, sed quæ legat ipsa Lycoris, dicenda

EXTREMUM hunc, Arethusa, mihi concede laborem.

Carmina sunt dicenda: neget quis carmina Gallo?
Sic tibi, cùm fluctus subter labêre Sicanos,
Doris amara suam non intermisceat undam.
Incipe, sollicitos Galli dicamus amores,

NOTES.

1. Arethusa. A nymph of great beauty, the daughter of Nereus and Doris. Also, a fountain on the island Ortygia, in the bay of Syracuse, upon which stood a part of the city. Syracuse was famous for its being the birth place of Theocritus and Archimedes; and for its valiant defence against the Roman fleet and army under Marcellus. It was taken after a siege of three years. Concede, &c. Grant me this last workfavor me in the execution of this my last pastoral essay. The reason that the poet invoked this nymph is, that she was the goddess of a fountain of that name, in the place where Theocritus was born, and where pastoral poetry was much cultivated.

4. Tibi: with thee-with thy water. 5. Amara Doris. Doris, a nymph of the sea, the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, and married to her brother Nereus, of whom

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he begat the nymphs called Nereides; here salt and of an unpleasant taste; which the poet prays may not be mingled with the sweet put by meton. for the sea, whose water is and pleasant waters of the fountain Arethusa, in its passage under the Sicilian sea. Æn. iii. 694 and 6. Alpheus, a river of the Peloponnesus, is said to have been in love with the nymph Arethusa, who, flying from Sec She made her escape under the sea, to him, was turned by Diana into a fountain. island Ortygia, where she rose up. pheus pursuing her by the same way, arose up in the same fountain, mingling his waters the with hers. Undam: in the sense But Al6. Galli. There were several persons by is Publius Cornelius Gallus. himself by his extraordinary merit to great the name of Gallus. The one here meant favor with Augustus, who appointed him He raised

of

aquam.

Dum tenera attondent simæ virgulta capella.
Non canimus surdis, respondent omnia sylvæ.
Quæ nemora, aut qui vos saltus habuere, puellæ
Naiades, indigno cùm Gallus amore periret?
Nam neque Parnassi vobis juga, nam neque Pindi
Ulla moram fecere, neque Aonia Aganippe.
Illum etiam lauri, illum etiam flevêre myricæ.
Pinifer illum etiam solâ sub rupe jacentem
Mænalus, et gelidi fleverunt saxa Lycæi.
Stant et oves circùm, nostrî nec pœnitet illas :
Nec te pœniteat pecoris, divine poëta.

Et formosus oves ad flumina pavit Adonis.
Venit et upilio, tardi venêre bubulci :
Uvidus hybernâ venit de glande Menalcas.

Omnes, unde amor iste, rogant, tibi ? Venit Apollo.
Galle, quid insanis? inquit: tua cura Lycoris,
Perque nives alium, perque horrida castra secuta est.
Venit et agresti capitis Sylvanus honore,

NOTES.

governor of Egypt after the death of Antony and Cleopatra. His prince, however, for some cause or other, conceiving a violent enmity against him, sent him into banishment; which sentence was ratified by the senate. This cruel and undeserved treatment had such an effect upon his mind, that he killed himself. After his death, Augustus lamented his own severity and that of the senate toward so worthy a man. Gallus was a great friend of Virgil, and highly esteemed by Pollio and Cicero. He was a poet as well as statesman and soldier. It is said he wrote four book of elegies to Cytheris, whom Virgil calls Lycoris. He also translated some part of the works of Euphorion, a poet of Chalcis.

7. Sima: flat-nosed.

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11. Nam neque ulla juga Parnassi, nam neque ulla juga Pindi, neque fons, Aonia Aganippe, fecere ullam mo15 ram vobis. Etiam laur. fleverunt illum

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21. Unde est iste amor tibi, O Galle

15. Manalus. A mountain in Arcadia, celebrated for its pines. Lycei. Lycæus, a mountain of the same country, noted for its rocks and snows; hence the epithet gelidi. The whole of this passage is very fine. It contains a reproof to the nymphs for not assisting in alleviating the grief of Gallus.

16. Stant et oves, &c. His flocks too stand around him-nor are they ashamed of him -nor do they disregard his grief. Gallus is represented under the character of a swain, feeding his sheep on the mountains of Arcadia. Nostri: our friend-Gallus.

18. Adonis. He was the son of Cinyras, king of the island of Cyprus, by his daughter Myrrha. He was so beautiful, that Venus ranked him among her favorites, and honored him with her bed. When hunting,

8. Respondent: will answer-will echo he received a wound from a boar, of which back our song.

9. Habuere vos: in the sense of detinuerunt TOS. Nemora: properly signifies a grove or wood thinly set with trees, where flocks may feed and graze; derived from the Greek. Saltus: properly a thick wood, where bushes and fallen trees do not permit animals to pass without leaping; from salio. Habuere ros: detained you from coming to console Gallus in his grief. Puella: in the sense of nympha.

11. Juga: in the sense of cacumina. Parnassi. Parnassus was a mountain, or rather range of mountains in Phocis, sacred to the Muses. Pindi. Pindus was a range of mountains in the confines of Epirus and Macedonia, also sacred to the Muses. Agaippe was the name of a fountain issuing from mount Helicon in Beotia, and flowing into the river Permessus. It is called Aonian, from Aon, the son of Neptune, who reigned in Beotia.

he died, and was greatly lamented by her.

19. Venit et upilio: the shepherd too came, and the slow moving herdsmen came. Upilio, for opilio, by metaphasmus. Opilio, probably from oves, by changing the v into p. The word et is often used to express emphasis, and has the force of etiam or quoque, as in the present case. When it has its correspondent et in the following member of the sentence, it is usually translated by the word both, and the following et by and. The conj. que, when it has its correspondent que, is rendered in the same way.

20. Uvidus de: wet from gathering the winter mast.

21. Apollo. He came, the first of the gods; because he was the god of poetry. 22. Tua cura: for tua amica. 24. Sylvanus. He was the god of the woods, and said to be the son of Mars. He always bore on his head a branch of cypress. Like Pan, he was represented as half man,

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