Carbasus, et crines umbrosa tegebat arundo. 35. Tum cæpit affari Tum sic affari, et curas his demere dictis : cum sic O sate gente Deûm, Trojanam ex hostibus urbem 39. Hic erit certa do- Hic tibi certa domus; certi, ne absiste, Penates: mus tibi; hic erunt certi Neu belli terrere minis. Tumor omnis et iræ Penates tibi: ne absiste Concessêre Deûm. ab incepto Jamque tibi, ne vana putes hæc fingere somnum, 44. Jacebit recubans Triginta capitum fœtus enixa, jacebit, nati albi circum ubera 49. Nunc adverte, docebo te paucis verbis, quâ ratione tu victor Hic locus urbis erit, requies ea certa laborum : 51. Arcades, genus Haud incerta cano. Nunc, quâ ratione, quod instat, profectum à Pallante, Expedias victor, paucis, adverte, docebo. qui comites secuti sunt Arcades his oris, genus à Pallante profectum, regem Evandrum, qui secuti sunt ejus signa, Qui regem Evandrum comites, qui signa secuti, delegêre Delegêre locum, et posuêre in montibus urbem NOTES. 34. Tenuis carbasus: fine lawn-a robe of lawn. In this habit, river-gods were com-, monly represented on medals and ancient monuments. 36. Gente: of the family-race-stock. Eneas sprang from Jove both by Dardanus and Venus. 37. Revehis: who bringest back to us the Trojan city, &c. Elerna Pergama: and Pergamus to continue forever-to be eternal. Here is an allusion to the opinion of the Romans, of the eternal duration of their empire. Dardanus, the founder of the Trojan race, was a native of Italy. 38. Expectate: welcome-looked for: a part. adj. agreeing with sate in the voc. Solo: in the sense of terra. 39. Penales: properly household gods; by meton. a house or dwelling. Certi Pena tis: a certain or fixed abode. 41. Concessêre. It is evident that Juno was still the enemy of the Trojans. To save Virgil from a seeming inconsistency, Servius makes the sense, as well as the line, abrupt; and observes that some have filled it up thus: Concessêre Deûm profugis nova Mania Teucris. La Cerda observes, that Virgil does not say all the gods, and thinks that it is sufficient for the poet's purpose, that Jupiter and Neptune, who took part with the Greeks, were now reconciled to the Trojans. Ira: the anger of the gods has ceased-subsided. 44. Fælus enixa: having brought forth a litter of thirty head, &c. Helenus informed Eneas, (lib. iii. 389.) that when he should find a white sow under the holins on the side of the river, with a litter of thirty white pigs around her, he might be assured that was 35 40 45 50 the place destined to him by the gods. Tiberinus here repeats the same, lifts the curtain of futurity, and gives him some directions in his critical affairs. 45. Jacebit recubans: shall lie prostrate, or stretched on the ground, &c. I think recubans should be taken in the sense of strata, or prostrata, and connected with ja cebit. To take recubans in its usual sense and meaning, would be mere tautology. But in the sense of strata, it gives this additional idea, that the animal was lying flat, or at full length, in the attitude of giving suck to her pigs. 47. Ex quo: from which time, thirty years having rolled away, Ascanius shall, &c. The reckoned from the discovery of the sow, for thirty years here spoken of, are not to be that would not agree with history; but from the death of Eneas, who sat on the throne ceeded him, who, in the thirtieth year of his of Lavinium three years. Ascanius sucreign, built Aiba Longa, and made it the seat of his government. 49. Cano: in the sense of dico, vel præ dico. 50. Expedias: you may accomplish, or effect. 51. Arcades: plu. of Arcas, a native of Arcadia, a country of the Peloponnesus. This was the birth-place of Evander. He migrated into Italy, and settled on the banks of the Tiber, upon a mount, which he called Palantium, Pallanteum, or Palatium, from his native city Pallantium: or from Pallas, king of Arcadia, his great grandfather. On the same spot Rome was afterward built. 53. Posuêre: in the sense of condiderunt. Pallantis proavi de nomine, Pallanteum. Hi bellum assiduè ducunt cum gente Latinâ: Hic mihi magna domus; celsis caput urbibus exit. Ima petens: nox Æneam somnusque reliquit. 70 72. Tuque, O genitor Nymphæ, Laurentes Nymphæ, genus amnibus unde est; Tybri, cun tuo sancto Tuque, ô Tybri tuo genitor cum flumine sancto, Quo te cunque lacus miserantem incommoda nostra NOTES. 54. Pallanteum: the name of the city. 56. Junge fœdera: make-ratify a treaty with them. 57. Recto flumine. This does not mean that the river was straight, or in a direct line; but that it would lead him to the place of his destination-to the residence of Evander, in a direct or unerring course. Absque errore, says Ruæus, 58. Adversum amnem. By this we are to inderstand the current of the river, which was against him as he ascended it. Ut subvectus: that borne along, you may overcome, &c. 59. Primis astris cadentibus: the first stars setting. By this we are to understand the early dawn. The stars are said to set, when they disappear at the approach of the sun. 63. Stringentem ripas: touching lightly, or rolling gently along the banks with my full stream. Secantem: in the sense of dividentem. 65. Caput exit, &c. There are some commentators who take these words in a prophetic or oracular sense, that here should be the head to lofty cities-Rome, the empress of the world. The chief difficulty in this is the word erit, the present for the future: Dr. Trapp thinks this not very material, especially in a prophetic or oracular sentence. Others take them in a literal sense. Here is my palace; my source or head rises near, or flows from lofty cities. The former is the best idea. But it is probable, 75 flumine Virgil intended to include both: and, therefore, expressed himself ambiguously. Davidson renders the passage thus: "here is my spacious mansion; near lofty cities my fountain springs." 66. Alto lacu: the deepest part of the stream-the bed of the river. 68. Spectans orientia, &c. It was a custom of the ancients, in prayer, to turn their faces toward the east. It was also a custom to wash their hands before they performed any acts of religion. Æneas for that purpose takes water (undam) from the river, and turns his face toward the rising sun. 74. Quocunque fonte: in whatever place thy lake holds, or contains thee pitying, &c. It was the opinion of some philosophers, that rivers took their rise from great lakes, or reservoirs of water under ground. Eneas here promises to worship the god Tiber, in whatever place he found his residence to be; whether in his primary reservoir, in his fountain, or in the course of the river. Fonte appears to be used here in the sense of loco. 76. Celebrabere. Some manuscripts have venerabere: thou shalt be worshipped. Honore: worship-veneration. 77. Carniger fluvius. Horns are an emblem of power, and are, therefore, applicable to the Tiber, here called the ruler of the Italian rivers. But it is common with the poets to ascribe to rivers the form of the Adsis ô tantùm, et propiùs tua numina firmes ! Sic memorat: geminasque legit de classe biremes, Remigioque aptat: socios simul instruit armis. 80 81. Autem ecce mon- Ecce autem subitum atque oculis mirabile monstrum! strum subitum atque Candida per sylvam cum fœtu concolor albo mirabile offert sese ocu sistit eam lis; candida sus, conco- Procubuit, viridique in litore conspicitur sus: nii 92. Nemus insuotum NOTES. bull. The reason of this is, that the roaring noise of rivers resembles the bellowing of that animal. See Geor. IV. 372. The Tiber could not be called the king of Italian rivers from its magnitude; that belongs to the Eridanus or Po, called the king of riGeor. I. 482. There must be some other reason for it; the future magnitude and glory of Rome, built on its banks; or Eneas may be supposed to speak from his own knowledge, supposing the Tiber to be the largest river, Fluvius, here, is plainly in the vocativo case. vers. 78. Numina: oracles-prophetic declarations. 84. Enim tibi. Mr. Dryden says the word enim was of such necessity among the Romans, that a sacrifice could not be performed without it. But this appears a notion entirely his own. Servius says, it is merely expletive and ornamental. It is plain there is an ellipsis, which, to make sense, must be filled. Æneas had just been ordered by Tiberinus to offer prayers and supplications to Juno, and to overcome her resentment by vows and offerings. He sacrifices (mactat) to thee, O supreme Juno; for to thee he was commanded, &c. As Jupiter is called Maximus, so Juno, his consort and queen, is called Maxima. For the same reason, she is sometimes called omnipotens. 35. Grege: her pigs-litter of pigs. 86. Ed nocte: in that night. Tumentem Aiit: it smoothed (lowered) its swelling current. 85 90 95 89. Ut sterneret: that it might level the surface of its waters in the manner, &c. Aquis: the dat. in the sense of the gen. 90. Secundo rumore. By this we are, most probably, to understand the shouts and acclamations with which they animated each other, under the assurance of a prosper. ous issue. This assurance they had from the omen of the white sow. They understood by this that they should succeed to their wishes. 91. Uncta abies labitur: the ship glides easily along on the water, as if it were moving down the current. Abies: properly the fir-tree; by meton. a ship, because ships were made of that wood. This is the sense given by Ruæus and Davidson. Heyne connects secundo rumore with uncta abies, understanding by it the noise made in the water by the oars and the keel as they moved along. Valpy is of the same opinion. It appears to be an unnecessary refinement. 92. Insuetum: unaccustomed to such sights. His spectaculis, says Ruæus. 94. Fatigant: in the sense of traducunt. Remigio: in rowing. 95. Flexus: the windings and flexures of the river. 96. Secant virides: they cut the verdant trees in the smooth surface-the shades of the trees, which appeared in the water of the river, by meton. 97. Medium orbem. This is a fine circumlocution for the middle of the day. The sun had ascended the middle of his course Equavit: tum res inopes Evandrus habebat. Fortè die solemnem illo rex Arcas honorem 111. Ipseque, telo rap to, volat obvius iis, el procul è tumulo inquit 114. Qui estis quoad 115 genus? Unde venistis domo? Qui genus? unde domo? pacemne huc fertis, an arma? Obstupuit, tanto perculsus nomine, Pallas: Non equidem extimui, Danaûm quòd ductor et Arcas, NOTES. 106. Dabant: in the sense of offerebant. 108. Tacitis: silent-not moving. The impetus, which the galleys had already received, was carrying them forward, without the assistance of the oars, which consequently were still. The oarsmen were resting upon their oars at the same time, incumbere, &c. 113. Quò tenditis: whither are you going? 114. Arma: in the sense of bellum. 118. Profugos. Most probably we are to understand by this, the Trojans driven from their native country, and wandering from 120 124. Accepit Æneam manu 127. Cui fortuna vo 125 luit me precari, et prætendere 129. Equidem non extimui facere id, quòd fores ductor Danaûm, et Arcas, quòdque place to place without any habitation. The same term he used, Æn. I. 2. in reference to his leaving his own country, &c. As Pallas had proposed his questions in a brief manner, so Æneas is as brief in his answers. Trojugenas profugos answers to the question: Qui genus, et unde domo? The olivebranch is a sufficient reply to Pacem-ne huc fertis, an arma? To remove any suspicion arising from their arms, he informs him they were Inimica Latinis. Having been made satisfied of their friendly intention, Pallas immediately invites them on shore. 122. Egredere: come on shore-land, whoever thou art-whatever be thy name. Eneas had informed him they were Trojans, but had not as yet told his name. 126. Regem: Evander. 128. Ramos complos vittà: to hold out boughs adorned with the fillet. Olive boughs wrapped around with wreaths of white wool, hanging down over the hands of the suppliant, were emblems of peace, and denoted that the persons came with a friendly intention. Quòdque à stirpe fores geminis conjunctus Atridis; 131 candida Maia fudit Sed mea me virtus, et sancta oracula Divûm, 138. Quem conceptum Vobis Mercurius pater est, quem candida Maia 142. Sic genus amborum nostrum scindit se 143. Ego fretus his rebus non pepigi nos quoque 135 140 145 150 146. Eadem Daunia Gens eadem, quæ te, crudeli Daunia bello gens, quæ insequitur te Insequitur: nos si pellant, nihil abfore credunt, crudeli bello, insequitur Quin omnem Hesperiam penitùs sua sub juga mittant, 149. Et teneant mare, Et mare, quod suprà, teneant, quodque alluit infrà. quod alluit eam suprà, Accipe, daque fidem. Sunt nobis fortia bello quodque alluit eam infrà Pectora, sunt animi, et rebus spectata juventus. 152. Ille Evander jam- Dixerat Æneas: ille os oculosque loquentis dudum lustrabat os ocu- Jamdudum, et totum lustrabat lumine corpus. losque nec loquentis Tunc sic pauca refert: Ut te, fortissime Teucrûm, NOTES. 130. A stirpe fores conjunctus, &c. It appears that Evander was related to the sons of Atreus, Agamemnon and Menelaus, the bitter enemies of the Trojans. Atlas was their common ancestor. He had seven daughters; of one of them Jove begat Tantalus, the grandfather of Atreus. Of another (Maia) he begat Mercury, the reputed father of Evander. Stirpe: in the sense of origine. 131. Oracula: these were the answers or responses of the Sibyl. See En. VI. 96. Didita: diffused-spread. 132. Cognati patres. Electra, the daughter of Atlas, was the mother of Dardanus, by Jove; so that Eneas and Evander had the common origin-Atlas and Jove. Their ancestors were relations. same 133. Fatis: by their power-authority; they forced or impelled me hither by their authority. Yet he came willingly-their commands and directions concurred with kis own inclinations. 135. Cretus: sprung from Electra, the daughter of Atlas. Here the poet traces the line of relationship between Eneas and Evander. 137. Edidit: in the sense of genuit. 139. Fudit: in the sense of peperit, vel edidit. 140. Si credimus quicquam: if we give any credit to things heard-to tradition. Atlas. See En. IV. 247. and Geor. I. 138. Cyllenes: gen. of Cyllene: a mountain in Arcadia, where Mercury was born; whence he is sometimes called Cyllenus. 143. Genus: in the sense of gens, vel familia. 144. Non pepigi prima: I did not make the first trial of your inclinations in this matter by ambassadors, nor by art; but I have come in person-I have exposed my self and my life to the consequences. Pepigi: the perf. of pango. Heyne says, non priùs te sentavi per legatos, et callida consilia, which is evidently the sense of the passage. 146. Daunia: an adj. from Daunus, the father of Turnus.-Rutulian or Italian. 149: Et mare, quod: should they be able to expel us, they hope to be able to subject all Italy, from the Adriatic sea on the north, to the Tuscan or lower sea on the south. 151. Spectata rebus: tried or exercised in action. Animi: courage. 153. Lustrabat lumine: surveyed with an attentive eye. Lumine: in the sense of oculis. 157. Hesiones: Hesione was the daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy. She married Telamon, king of the island of Salamis, in the Sinus Saronicus. Hesiones: gen, of Hesione; put in apposition with sororis. 159. Protinus. Dr. Trapp renders this, in his way. But Arcadia lies to the west of Salamis. It must mean, at the same time— continuing his journey forward. Priam, being |