Pallentes umbras Erebi, noctemque profundam, NOTES. 26. Erebi: the place of the dead-the infernal regions. 27. Antè. The antè here is plainly expletive. Priùs goes before it, and is to be connected with quàm. Some copies have violem and resolvam. Pudor: in the sense of pudicitia. 30. Implevit sinum: she filled her bosom with flowing tears. Servius and Turnebus take sinum, here, for the cavity of the eye. But the common import of the word is much more expressive, as it shows her tears to be much more copious, and paints her passion as more violent. Refert: in the sense of respondet. Luce: in the sense of vita. 32. Sola-ne carpêre: will you fade and wither away, mourning alone as a widow through all your youth, &c. Ruæus says, an sola consumeris dolens per totam juventutem. But carpêre may be used in the sense of the Greek middle voice. The meaning is obvious. 35. Nulli mariti: no suitors moved you sorrowing-while your loss was fresh in your memory, and your grief unabated. Mariti: in the sense of proci. Egram: in the sense of dolentem. Te is understood. 36. Iarbas. Among the many who made suit to Dido, was Iarbas, a rich and powerful prince of Africa, and reputed son of Jupiter Ammon. But Justin gives a very different account of the matter from the one given here by the poet. He says, Iarbas, having gotten ten of principal artaginians, demanded of them Dido in marriage; and, in case of a refusal, he threatened to declare war against them. Fearing to deliver the message to the queen, they said the king demanded a person who might teach him and his people the arts of civilized life; but that no one could be found who was willing to leave his relations and friends to undertake the business; upon this the queen rebuked them, and declared that if the safety of his country required it, any one should be willing to give up even his life. They then opened the whole matter, saying, the very thing she had enjoined on others, she had to perform herself, if she would consult the good of the city. Being taken by this device, after much lamentations, and many invocations of her husband, she declared that she would obey the call of her country. Having passed three months in this manner, she caused a funeral pile to be erected in one part of the city, as if to appease the Manes of her departed husband, and to offer sacrifices for him before her nuptials. She ascended the pile, and taking a sword in her hand, said to her people, that she would go to her husband as they required, and, with her own hand, put an end to her existence. While Carthage remained, she was worshipped as a goddess. 37. Terra dives triumphis. It appears from Servius, that the Africans were the inventors of triumphal shows. Some say they never triumphed. But Justin tells us that Asdrubal, in particular, was honored with four triumphs. Placito: in the sense of grato. Ne is interrogative. 40. Getulæ urbes. The Getuli were a brave and warlike people, to the south of Carthage. Hinc, when it has its corres"pondent hinc, the formeris rendered, on the one side and the latter on the other de Barcæi. Quid bella Tyro surgentia dicam, 45 50 45. Ego equidem reor Dis equidem auspicibus reor, et Junone secundâ, Iliacas carinas tenuisse Huc cursum Iliacas vento tenuisse carinas. cursum huc vento, Dîs Quam tu urbem, soror, hanc cernes! quæ surgere regna auspicibus, et Junone Conjugio tali! Teucrûm comitantibus armis, secundâ. Punica se quantis attollet gloria rebus ! Tu modò posce Deos veniam, sacrisque litatis, Indulge hospitio, causasque innecte morandi; Dum pelago desævit hyems, et aquosus Orion; Quassatæque rates, et non tractabile cœlum. His dictis incensum animum inflammavit amore, Spemque dedit dubiæ menti, solvitque pudorem. Principio delubra adeunt, pacemque per aras omnes, cui jugalia vin- Exquirunt : mactant lectas de more bidentes Legiferæ Cereri; Phœboque, patrique Lyæo 60. Pulcherrima Dido Junoni ante omnes, cui vincla jugalia curæ. ipsa tenens pateram dextrâ fundit vinum in- Ipsa tenens dextrâ pateram pulcherrima Dido Candentis vaccæ media inter cornua fundit: Aut ante ora Deûm pingues spatiatur ad aras, NOTES. 54. Animum jam in censum amore 59. Sed Junoni ante cla sunt curæ. ter media cornua candentis vaccœ: 43. Barcai. These were a people to the east, inhabiting a dry and barren country. Quid dicam: why shall I mention the wars arising from Tyre, and the threats of your brother? Justin says, when Pygmalion understood that Dido had fled her country, and taken with her much treasure, he determined to pursue her; but was dissuaded from his purpose by his mother, and the threats of the gods. 45. Junene secunda. Juno is here particularly named, because she presided over inarriage, and because Carthage was under her peculiar protection. Auspicibus: in the sense of fautoribus, vel auctoribus. Secunda: in the sense of propitia. 49. Quantis rebus: by what noble deeds will the Carthaginian glory exalt itself, the arms of the Trojans accompanying yours? 50. Sacris litatis: sacrifices being offered. The proper signification of litare, is, to propitiate by sacrifice. Sacris: in the sense of victimis. 51. Innecte: devise causes for detaining him. 52. Desavil. Ruæus takes this in the sense of desæviel, the present for the future. 53. Non tractabile: in the sense of procellosum, vel sævum. Cœlum: the air or weather. Æneas arrived in Africa, it is probable, in the latter part of autumn, some time before the approach of winter It appears to be thep of nato if him during the pleasant part of the season, until the navigation should become dangerous, and when it would be imprudent to set sail; in the hope that having passed so long a time with them, he might be persuaded finally to settle at Carthage, and give over his intended purpose of settling in Italy. 55 60 54. Incensum: burning, or inflamed with love. 55. Dubiæ: wavering. Solvit pudorem. removed her scruples in regard to disrespect to the memory of her late husband. Valpy. 57. Exquirunt pacem per aras: they seek peace by the altars. This refers to the way of prying into the entrails of the victims, in order to know the will of the gods. Bidentes leclas de more. It was a regulation that no victims should be offered to the gods, but such as were without blemish. Bidentes · properly sheep of two years old. 58. Legifera Cereri. Ceres was the daughter of Saturn and Ops, and the goddess of husbandry. It is said, she was the first institutor of laws, especially those of marriage. See Ecl. v. 79. Phabo. Dido offers sacrifices to Phoebus, as the god who presided over futurity, that he might send her favorable omens. See Ecl. iv. 10. To father Bacchus, as the god of mirth and jollity, that he might crown the match with joy. See Ecl. v. 69. And especially (ante omnes) to Juno, as the goddess who presided over nuptials. Cui vincla jugalia curæ: to whom the marriage knot is for a care. En. i. 4. See 61. Fundit, &c. This was according to the manner of the Romans performing sacrifice. After the immolatip, which consisteden owing cornnd Frankincense, together with the mole,hich was made of bran or meal mixed with salt and water,) upon the head of the victim, the priest sprinkled wine between the horns. 62. Spatiatur: she walks before the images (ora) of the gods, &c. It was a custom among the Romans for matrons to walk on holy days, in a grave and solemn Nunc media Æneam secum per moenia ducit; NOTES. manner, before the altars, with torches in their hands. Ora: in the sense of statuas, vel imagines. 63. Instaurat: she passes the day in offerings. Ruæus says, renoval sacrificia per diem. 64. Inhians: prying into-exploring attentively. Spirantia: throbbing-palpitating. Exta: properly the part which we call the lungs, including the heart, liver, &c. 65. Vatum: in the sense of extispicum. 66. Mollis flamma_èst : a gentle flame consumes. Est in the sense of edit. Furentem: in the sense of amantem. Tacitum: concealed. 69. Qualis cerva. This is a very proper comparison, and agrees almost in every circumstance. There is a peculiar beauty in the harit lateri lethalis arundo, which strongly images the fast hold that the arrows of Cupid had gotten of Dido's heart. Cressia: an adj. Cretan. 71. Ferrum: in the sense of arundinem. 74. Mania: properly the fortifications of a city. Rumus says, munimenta. 77. Eadem: the same entertainment she had received the preceding night. 81 Luna obscura vicissim: the moon, in turn obscure, withdraws her light. This shows the approach of day. When the 85 79. Ore Æneæ nar 80. Ubi omnes digress. sunt ad quietem 83. Illa absens auditque videtque stars disappear in the superior light of the sun, they are said to set; so when the sun disappears, and withdraws his light, they become visible, and are said to rise. The same may be said of the moon. Vicissim: after having given light in her course. 82. Relictis stratis. The couch on which Eneas had been sitting, and which he had just left to retire to rest. 84. Capta: taken, or captivated with the resemblance of his father, she hugs, &c. 88. Pendent: stand, or remain. Interrupta: in the sense of imperfecta. Ingentes mina murorum. Heyne takes this simply for the high walls, (alli muri,) which by their altitude, presented a threatening aspect. Valpy is of the same opinion: but most interpreters take minæ murorum to be the fortifications built upon the walls, which presented a threatening appearance to an enemy. Hortensius and Rumus are of opinion, they were huge and unfinished parts of the wall, which seemed to threaten a ruin, and presented a terrific appearance. 89. Machina. By this we are most probably to understand the engines used in raising stones, beams, and timber generally, for carrying on the building, Heyne says, moles-ædificium, referring to the buildings themselves. sit teneri tali peste, nec 90. Quam (Didonem) Quam simul ac tali persensit peste teneri et ampla spolia, mag- Suspectas habuisse domos Carthaginis altæ. tra mania habuisse do- Communem hunc ergò populum, paribusque regamus mos alte Carthaginis Auspiciis: liceat Phrygio servire marito, suspectas. 98. Modus nostræ contentionis servire Dotalesque tuæ Tyrios permittere dextræ. Olli, sensit enim simulata mente locutam, Quò regnum Italiæ Libycas averteret oras, 103. Liceat Didoni Sic contrà est ingressa Venus: Quis talia demens 107. Contrà Venus Abnuat, aut tecum malit contendere bello? ingressa est respondere Si modò, quod memoras, factum fortuna sequatur. olli sic; enim sensit eam Sed fatis incerta feror, si Jupiter unam locutam esse simulatà Esse velit Tyriis urbem, Trojâque profectis; mente, quò averteret NOTES. 90. Peste: in the sense of amore. Ruæus says, veneno. 93. Spolia: in the sense of victoriam. 94. Numen. This is the reading of Heyne, after Pierius, Heinsius, and Burmannus. It is also approved by Valpy, though he retains the common reading, nomen. In a note upon this passage, he has numen, and observes that vestrum is understood. Your divine power will be nobly employed," says he. Heyne makes this turn to the words: Magnum verò et memorabile erit numen vestrum, si vos duo Dei circumveneritis unam fæminam. He takes numen in the sense of potestas, vel potentia. Nomen is the common reading. This part of Juno's speech is extremely satirical. Tuus puer: Cupid. He was the son of Jupiter and Venus. 98. Aut quò nunc: or, for what purpose now are so great contentions? Juno and Venus took opposite sides in the affairs of Eneas and the Trojans. The former is always represented their bitterest enemy, and the latter their warmest friend. The whole of Juno's speech is artful, and the plan deep laid. She now proposes to lay down their arms, to conclude a lasting peace -to form a match between Eneas and Dido, and by these means unite the Trojans with the Carthaginians into one people. This plan, could she have brought it about, would have been to her a complete victory over her antagonist. The common reading is certamine tanto. Heyne reads certamina tanta, which is much easier, and he says, is the true reading. 99. Hymenæos: match. 90 95 100 105 110 102. Regamus hunc populum. The meaning plainly is: Let us rule this people (com munem) composed of Trojans and Carthaginians, with equal authority and power. Let them be both equally under our protection and auspicious influence. Auspiciis: in the sense of potestate. 103. Phrygio. Servius, and some others, say, that Phrygio, here, is a word of contempt, and implies that Æneas was in exile and in slavery, as the Phrygians then were. But Virgil uses the words Phrygius and Trojanus promiscuously. Beside, Juno plays the hypocrite, and would, therefore, industriously avoid every expression that might be The offensive, or render her suspected. expression servire marito is in allusion to one of the three ways of contracting marriage among the Romans, (viz.) Coemptio: when the parties solemnly bound themselves to each other by the ceremony of giving and taking a piece of money. By this the woman gave herself over into the power of the man, and entered into a state of liberal servitude, or subjection to him. 104. Dotales: as a dowry. Dos is properly the patrimony of the wife-any thing given to the husband with the wife. Tyrios, nempe, regnum Carthaginis. 105. Olli: for illi, by antithesis. 110. Feror incerta fatis, si: Iam rendered uncertain by the decrees of the gods, whether, &c. Miscerive probet populos, aut fœdera jungi. Tu conjux tibi fas animum tentare precando. 114 Mecum erit iste labor : nunc quâ ratione, quod instat, In nemus ire parant, ubi primos crastinus ortus Oceanum intereà surgens Aurora reliquit. 14. Excepit: replied answered.. NOTES. 117. Venatum: a sup. in um, of the verb venor, put after the verb ire. Dido is here called miserrima, most unhappy, on account of the iss of her love. 119. Titan: in the sense of Sol. See Ecl. iv. 6. and Geor. iii. 48. Radijsque: and shall have disclosed the world by his beams. The poes pretended that light sunk into the ocean every night, and was every morning brought from hence by the returning sun. Hence the propriety of the verb ext lerit. 121. Dum ala. By ala, Servius understands the horsemen, or riding hunters, who are termed ala, wings, because they covered the foot as the cavalry of an army. Or ala may signify the horsemen in general spread over the ground, like stretched out wings. Trepidant very strongly expresses the hurry and bustle of a company of horsemen, flying and scampering over the ground in quest of their prey. Indagine. By this some understand the arranging of the hounds, and the placing of them in proper places for taking the game: but Ruaus, and most commentators, take it for the nets and toils in which the game was taken. For ala, Ruæus has equites. 126. Jungam: I will join them in firm wedlock, and will consecrate her to be his own. I will give her over to be his peculiar property. 120 regnum Italiæ ad Liby cas oras 113. Tu es ejus conJux; fas est tibi tentare 115. Nunc, adverte tu, docebo paucis verbis, qua ratione, id, quod instat, possit confieri. 121. Dum alæ trepidant, cinguntque saltus indagine, ego desuper infundam his nigrantem nimbum, grandine com125 mixta, et ciebo omne cœlum tonitru. 125. Si tua voluntas sit certa mihi 128. Cytherea non adversata annuit ei petenti, 130 atque risit dolis repertis. 135 127. Hic Hymenæus erit: this shall be a marriage. Some take the meaning to be that Hymen should be present. But this would be unnecessary, since the nuptials were to be performed by Juno, without the assistance of any other. See Geor. iii. 60. Cytherea, a name of Venus. See Æn. i. 229. 130. Jubare: in the sense of luce vel diluculo. 131. Retia rara: the wide nets, the toils, the spears of broad point, and the Massilian horsemen, &c. rush forth. 132. Odora vis canum. Vis is here used in the sense of copia, or multitudo. And odora, in the sense of odororum, by antiptosis: a multitude of strong scented dogs. Massyli. They were a people of Africa, placed by Virgil to the westward of Carthage. Little is known concerning them. 133. Primi: in the sense of primores. 135. Stat sonipes insignis: her horse stands ready, richly decked in purple and gold. Stat: in the sense of adest. To take it literally would ill agree with the fine image of the courser here given; ferox mandit spumantia fræna. Insignis: in the sense of ornatus. 137. Circumdata Sidoniam: covered with a Tyrian cloak. The chlamys was both a military and hunting dress. It was a loose upper garment, which covered the breastplate, and folded about the left arm to de |