6. minion is without end. It is an everlasting-dominion, four great beasts. Verse 28. So this Daniel prospered] He had served five kings: Nebuchadnezzar, Evil-merodach, Belshazzar, Darius, and Cyrus. Few courtiers have had so long a reign, served so many masters without flattering any, been more successful in their management of public affairs, been so useful to the states where they were in office, or have been more owned of God, or have left such an example to posterity, Where shall we find ministers like Samuel and Daniel? None so wise, so holy, so disinterested, so useful, have ever since appeared in the nations of the earth. CHAPTER VII, The prophet having, in the preceding chapters of this book, related some remarkable events concerning himself and his brethren in the captivity, and given proof of his being enabled, by Divine assistance, to interpret the dreams of others, enters now into a detail of his own visions, returning to a period prior to the transactions recorded in the last chapter. The first in order of the prophet's visions is that of the four beasts, which arose out of a very tempestuous ocean, 1-9; and of one like the Son of man who annihilated the dominion of the fourth beast, because of the proud and blasphemous words of one of its horns, 9–14. An angel deciphers the hieroglyphics contained in this chapter, declaring that the FOUR beasts, diverse one from another, represent the FOUR PARAMOUNT empires of the habitable globe, which should succeed each other; and are evidently the same which were shadowed forth to Nebuchadnezzar by another set of hieroglyphics, (see the second chapter,) 15-26. But for the consolation of the people of God, it is added that, at the time appointed in the counsel of Jehovah, "the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall by given to the saints of the Most High;" and that this kingdom shall never be destroyed or transferred to another people, as all the preceding dominations have been, but shall itself stand for ever, 27, 28. It will be proper to remark that the period of a time, times, and a half, mentioned in the twenty-fifth verse as the duration of the dominion of the little horn that made war with the saints, (generally supposed to be a symbolical representation of the papal power,) had most probably its commencement in A. D. 755 or 756, when Pepin, king of France, invested the pope with temporal power. This hypothesis will bring the conclusion of the period to about the year of Christ 2000, a time fixed by Jews and Christians for some remarkable revolution; when the world, as they suppose, will be renewed, the wicked cease from troubling the Church, and the saints of the Most High have dominion over the whole habitable globe. But this is all hypothesis. the great sea] The idea of strife is taken here from Verse 3. Four great beasts came up from the sea] Daniel's vision of the CHAP. VII. four great beasts. A. M. cir. 3449. the sea, diverse one from an- | upon the feet as a man, and a B. C. cir. 555. Ol. cir. LVI. 2. Servii Tullii, R. Roman., cir. annum 24. ་ other. 4 The first was like a lion, and had eagle's wings: I beheld till the wings thereof were plucked, and it was lifted up from the earth, and made stand f Deut. xxviii. 49; 2 Sam. i. 23; Jer. iv. 7, 13; xlviii. 40; Ezek. xvii. 3; Hab. i. 8. The term sea, in Hebrew D' yam, from n hamah, to be tumultuous, agitated, &c., seems to be used here to point out the then known terraqueous globe, because of its generally agitated state; and the four winds striving: point out those predatory wars that prevailed almost universally among men, from the days of Nimrod, the founder of the Assyrian or Babylonish monarchy, down to that time, and in the end gave birth to the four great monarchies which are the subject of this vision. Diverse one from another.] The people were different; the laws and customs different; and the administration of each differently executed. Verse 4. The first was like a lion, and had eagle's wings] Bp. Newton well remarks, that these great beasts, as explained by the angel, ver. 17, are kingdoms. They arise out of a stormy and tempestuous sea; that is, out of the wars and commotions of the world; and they are called great in comparison of other states and kingdoms, and are denominated beasts for their tyrannical and cruel oppression. These four beasts are indeed monstrous productions; a lion with eagle's wings; a bear with three ribs in its mouth; a leopard with four wings, and four heads; and a beast with ten horns. But such emblems and hieroglyphics were usual among the eastern nations, as may be seen in the monuments of antiquity. A winged lion, and such-like fictitious animals, may be seen in many parts of the ruins of Persepolis. Horns are attributed to beasts which naturally have none, being used in hieroglyphic writings for symbols of strength and power. And such figures are supposed to be the symbols of different nations; and are not more strange than many that are still used in heraldry. I believe the science of heraldry arose out of the knowledge gained from the symbols used in the Sacred Writings; and the little acquaintance anciently obtained of the meaning of some of the Egyptian hieroglyphics. Hence, our wiverons, griffins, unicorns, with a congeries of natural and unnatural things, split eagles, two-headed swans, &c., &c., &c. The beast like a lion is the kingdom of the Babylonians; and the king of Babylon is compared to a lion, Jer. iv. 7; Isa. v. 29; and is said to fly as an eagle, Jer. xlviii. 40; Ezek. xvii. 3, 7. The lion is considered the king of the beasts, and the eagle the king of the birds; and therefore the kingdom of Babylon, which was signified by the golden head of the great image, was the first and noblest of all the kingdoms; and was the greatest then in being. The wings of the eagle denote the rapidity with which the lionNebuchadnezzar, made his conquests; for in a few years, by his own arms, he brought his empire to such an extent, and raised it to such a degree of eminence, man's heart was given to it. A. M. cir. 3449. B. C. cir. 555. Ol. cir. LVI. 2. Servii Tullii, R. Roman., cir. annum 24. 5h And behold another beast, a second, like to a bear, and it raised up itself on one side, and it had three ribs in the mouth of it between the teeth of it: Chap. ii. 39. Or, it raised up one dominion. 8 Or, wherewith. as was truly surprising; and all tended to show with what propriety this eagle-winged lion is here made his emblem. The wings thereof were plucked] Lydia, Media, and Persia, which had been provinces of the Babylonish empire, cast off the yoke, and put themselves under kings of their own. Besides, the rapidity of its conquests was stopped by its wars with the Medes and Persians; by whom it was at last conquered, and divided between Darius the Mede and Cyrus the Persian. And it was lifted up from the earth] That is, the wings were plucked, rendered unfit for farther flight, by which it had before been lifted up from the earth; making its conquests almost with the rapidity of an eagle's flight. In what a short time did Nebuchadnézzar, who is here chiefly intended, conquer Syria, Phoenicia, Judea, Egypt, Arabia, &c.! But on his death the wings were plucked; and no farther exten. sion of the empire took place under Evil-merodach or Belshazzar, till it was lost by the latter, and became divided as we have seen above. And made stand upon the feet as a man] This I think refers to the taming of Nebuchadnezzar's pride. He had acted like a fierce and ravening lion. God struck him with insanity; he then lived the life of a beast, and had a beast's heart-disposition, and habits. At last God restored him. And a man's heart was given to it.] humane, humble, and pious; and in this pears to have died. He became state he ap Verse 5. Another beast-like to a bear] This was the Medo-Persian empire, represented here under the symbol of the bear, as the largest species of these animals was found in Media, a mountainous, cold, and rough country, covered with woods. The Medes and Persians are compared to a bear on account of their cruelty and thirst after blood, a bear being a most voracious and cruel animal; the bear is termed by Aristotle an all-devouring animal; and the Medo-Persians are known to have been great robbers and spoilers. See Jer. li. 48-56. The Persians were notorious for the cruelty of their punishments. See Calmet. Raised up itself on one side] Cyrus arose on the borders of Chaldea, and thus the bear appeared to put itself in the position to attack the lion. It had three ribs in the mouth of it] As if it had just finished its repast on some animal that it had seized. Some think three tusks, curved like ribs, are meant; others three throats, by illin, by which it (Cyrus) had absorbed the three empires of the Babylonians, Medes, and Persians; for these symbolic animals do not so much denote four empires, as four kings. See ver. 17. Others think three rows of teeth Daniel's vision of the A. M. cir. 3449. B. C. cir. 555. B. C. cir. 555. Ol. cir. LVI. 2. R. Roman., and they said thus unto it, Arise, | and strong exceedingly; and it A. M. cir. 3449. 6 After this I beheld, and lo another, like a leopard, which had upon the back of it four wings of a fowl; the beast had also four heads; and dominion was given to it. 7 After this I saw in the night visions, and behold a fourth beast, dreadful and terrible, * Chap. viii. 8, 22.1 Chap. ii. 40; ver. 19, 23. are meant, to denote the triple power of the Medes, Persians, and Babylonians, conjoined. Or the east, north, and south, which were subdued by the Persians. But the ribs being between the teeth of the bear may show how Babylon, Lydia, and Egypt were ground and oppressed by the bear the Persians; though, as ribs strengthen the body, they were a powerful support to their conquerors. Verse 6. Another, like a leopard-four wings-four heads] This was the Macedonian or Greek empire; and Alexander the Great its king. Alexander and his subjects are fitly compared to a leopard. 1. The leopard is remarkable for its swiftness, Alexander and the Macedonians were very rapid in their conquests. 2. The leopard is a spotted animal; a proper emblem of the various nations, with their various customs and languages, which constituted the Macedonian empire. It may refer to the character of Alexander himself, sometimes mild, at others cruel; sober and drunken; continent and lecherous; having a great power of selfgovernment, and at other times being a slave to his passions. 3. The leopard, though small, is not afraid to attack the lion. Four wings of a fowl] The Babylonian empire was represented with two wings; and they sufficiently marked the rapidity of Nebuchadnezzar's conquests; but the Macedonian has here four wings; for nothing, in the history of the world, was equal to the conquests of Alexander, who ran through all the countries from Illyricum and the Adriatic Sea to the Indian Ocean and the River Ganges; and in twelve years subdued part of Europe, and all Asia. The beast had also four heads] Signifying the empire after the death of Alexander, divided between his four generals. Cassander reigning over Macedon and Greece; Lysimachus, over Thrace and Bithynia; Ptolemy, over Egypt; and Seleucus, over Syria. Dominion was given to it.] It was not owing to the skill, courage, or valour of Alexander and his troops, that he made those wondrous conquests; the nations were given to him. For, as Bishop Newton says, had he not been assisted by the mighty power of God, how could he, with only thirty thousand men, have overcome Darius with six hundred thousand; and in so short a time have brought the countries from Greece as far as India into subjection? Verse 7. I saw a fourth beast-it had great iron teeth] This is allowed, on all hands, to be the Roman empire. It was dreadful, terrible, and exceeding strong: it devoured, and brake in pieces, and stamped the residue, that is, the remains of the former kingdoms, with 594 cir. annum 24. 8 I considered the horns, and, behold, "there came up among them another little horn, before whom there were three of the first horns plucked m Chap. ii. 41; Rev. xiii. 1.- Ver. 20, 21, 24; chap. viii. 9. its feet. It reduced Macedon into a Roman province about one hundred and sixty-eight years before Christ; the kingdom of Pergamos about one hundred and thirty-three years; Syria about sixty-five; and Egypt about thirty years before Christ. And, besides the remains of the Macedonian empire, it subdued many other provinces and kingdoms; so that it might, by a very usual figure, be said to devour the whole earth, to tread it down, and break it to pieces; and became in effect, what the Roman writers delight to call it, the empire of the whole world. It (the fourth beast) was diverse from all the beasts that were before it.] Not only in its republican form of government, but also in power and greatness, extent of dominion, and length of duration. It had ten horns] The ten kingdoms into which the Roman empire was afterwards divided, Calmet says, ten Syrian kings: and he finds them thus:-1. Seleucus Nicator. 2. Antiochus Soter. 3. Antiochus Theos. 4. Antiochus Callinicus. 5. Seleucus Ceraunus. 6. Antiochus the Great. 7. Seleucus, surnamed Philopater, brother of Antiochus Epiphanes. 8. Laomedon of Mitylene, to whom Syria and Phoenicia had been intrusted. 9. Antigone. And, 10. His son Demetrius, who possessed those provinces, with the title of kings. This is too much like forced work. There are different opinions concerning these ten kings; or rather which they were that constituted this division of the Roman empire. They are reckoned thus:-1. The Roman senate. 2. The Greeks, in Ravenna. 3. The Lombards in Lombardy. 4. The Huns in Hungary. 5. The Alemans, in Germany. 6. The Franks in France. 7. The Burgundians in Burgundy. 8. The Saracens in Africa, and a part of Spain. 9. The Goths, in other parts of Spain. 10. And the Saxons, in Britain. Verse 8. Another little horn] Among Protestant writers this is considered to be the popedom. Before whom there were three of the first horns plucked up] These were probably, 1. The exarchate of Ravenna. 2. The kingdom of the Lombards. And, 3. The state of Rome. The first was given to the Pope, Stephen II., by Pepin, king of France, A. D. 755; and this constituted the pope's temporal princes. The second was given to St. Peter by Charlemagne, in 774. The third, the state of Rome, was vested in the pope, both in spirituals and temporals, and confirmed to him by Lewis the pious. These are the three horns which were plucked up from the roots before the little horn. Were eyes like the eyes of a man] Intimating cun( 38* ) 9 I beheld till the thrones were cast down, and the Ancient of days did sit, whose garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like the pure wool: his throne was like the fiery flame, and his wheels as burning fire. 10 A fiery stream issued and came forth from before him: ▾ thousand thousands ministered unto him, and ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him: the judgment was set, and the books were opened. u : X 11 I beheld then because of the voice of the great words which the horn spake I beheld even till the beast was slain, and his body destroyed, and given to the burning flame. 12 As concerning the rest of the beasts, they had their dominion taken away: yet their lives were prolonged for a season and time. • Rev. ix. 7. xx. 4. Psa. xc. Ezek. i. 15, 16. 1 Kings xxii. 19; w Rev. xx. 4, 12. life was given them. -q Rev. Psa. xii. 3; ver. 25; Rev. xiii. 5.- U four great beasts. 13 I saw in the night visions, and, behold, one like the Son of A. M. cir. 3449. B. C. cir. 555. Ol. cir. LVI. 2. Servii Tullii, cir. annum 24. man came with the clouds of 15 I Daniel was grieved in my spirit in the midst of my body, and the visions of my head troubled me. 16 I came near unto one of them that stood by, and asked him the truth of all this. So he told me, and made me know the interpretation of the things. 17 These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, which shall arise out of the earth. ■ Ezek. iv. 26; Matt. xxiv. 30; xxvi. 64; Rev. i. 7, 13; xiv. 14. Ver. 9.- - Psa. ii. 6, 7, 8; viii. 6; cx. 1, 2; Matt. xi. 27; xxviii. 18; John iii. 35; 1 Cor. xv. 27; Eph. i. 22.- -c Ch. iii. 4. d Psa. cxlv. 13; chap. ii. 44; ver. 27; Mic. iv. 7; Luke -y Chald. a prolonging ini. 33; John xii. 34; Heb. xii. 28.— Ver. 28.- -f Chald. sheath. -g Ver. 3. ning and superintendence; for the pope calls himself Episcopus episcoporum, the Overseer of overseers. their bodies were not destroyed, but suffered to continue still in being; but when the dominion shall be destroyed; because other kingdoms succeeded to those, but no other earthly kingdom shall succeed to this.Bishop Newton. And a mouth speaking great things.] Full of boast-taken away from this beast, his body shall be totally ing; pretending to unlimited jurisdiction; binding and loosing at pleasure; promising to absolve from all sins, present, past, and future; and threatening to send to everlasting destruction all kings, kingdoms, and individuals, who would dare to dispute his power and authority. Verse 9. The thrones were cast down] 17 might be translated erected; so the Vulgate, positi sunt, and so all the versions; but that ours is a proper translation, is sufficiently evident from chap. iii. 6, 15, 20; vi. 17, &c.; where the original word can be used in no other sense than that of throwing or casting down. There is a reference here to preparations made for a general assize, or to the convocation of the sanhedrin, where the father of the consistory sat with his assessors on each side in the form of a semicircle, and the people stood before them. The Ancient of days] God Almighty; and this is he only place in the sacred writings where God the Father is represented in a human form. Verse 10. A fiery stream issued] This is not spoken of the final judgment; but of that which he was to execute upon this fourth beast, the Roman empire; and the little boasting horn, which is a part of the fourth beast, and must fall when the other falls. Verse 13. One like the Son of man came with the clouds of heaven] This most certainly points out the Lord Jesus, N bar enosh, the Son of miserable man; who took our nature upon him that he might redeem us unto himself. To prove himself to be the Messiah he applies, before the high priests, these words of the Prophet Daniel to himself, Matt. xxiv. 30. Near before him.] The Ancient of days. Verse 14. And there was given him dominion] This also is applied to our Lord Jesus by himself, after his resurrection, Matt. xxviii. 18. His dominion is an everlasting dominion] Christianity shall increase, and prevail to the end of the world. See the parallel passages in the margin. Verse 15. I Daniel was grieved, &c.] The words in the original are uncommonly emphatic. My spirit was grieved, or sickened, ♫ bego nidneh, within its sheath or scabbard. Which I think proves, 1. That the human spirit is different from the body. 2. That it has a proper subsistence independently of the body, which is only its sheath for a certain time. 3. That the spirit may exist independently of its body, as the sword does independently of its sheath. Verse 11. I beheld then because of the voice (or, the beast will be destroyed because) of the great words Verse 17. These great beasts—are four kings] See which the horn spake his body destroyed] When the preceding verses, where the following explanations the dominion was taken from the rest of the beasts, are inserted and illustrated. An angel interprets A. M. cir. 3449. Servii Tullii, 18 But the saints of the judgment was given to the saints Ol. cir. LVI. 2. Most High shall take the king- 19 Then I would know the truth of the 23 Thus he said, The fourth beast shall be fourth beast, which was diverse from all the P the fourth kingdom upon earth, which shall others, exceeding dreadful, whose teeth were be diverse from all kingdoms, and shall deof iron, and his nails of brass; which devoured, vour the whole earth, and shall tread it down, brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with and break it in pieces. his feet; 20 And of the ten horns that were in his head, and of the other which came up, and before whom three fell; even of that horn that had eyes, and a mouth that spake very great things, whose look was more stout than his fellows. 24 And the ten horns out of this kingdom are ten kings that shall arise: and another shall rise after them; and he shall be diverse from the first, and he shall subdue three kings. 25 And he shall speak great words against the Most High, and shall wear out the saints of the Most High, and think to change times and laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing 21 I beheld, and the same horn made war with the saints, and prevailed against them; 22 Until the Ancient of days came, and of time. Isa. lx. 12, 13, 14; ver. 22, 27; 2 Tim. ii. 11, 12; Rev. ii. 26, 27; iii. 21; xx. 4. Chald. high ones, that is, things or places. k Ver. 7. Chald. from all those.- Chap. viii. 12, 24; xi. 31; Rev. xi. 7; xiii. 7; xvii. 14; xix. 19. n Ver. 9. Verse 18. But the saints of the Most High shall take the kingdom] I doubt whether this be the true sense ויקבלון מלכותא קדישי עליונין,of the original Chaldee vikabbelun malcutha kaddishey elyonin, "But the supreme holy ones shall receive the kingdom;" or, "they shall receive the kingdom of the supreme saints." Properly translated by Montanus, Et suscipient regnum sanctorum altissimorum. Whatever we may think of the patriarchs and the Jews in their best times, there has never been so much holiness of heart possessed, and so much righteousness practised, as by the genuine disciples of Christ. Christianity alone has provided a full redemption for man. They are the chief saints, and to them God gives the kingdom: and this Gospel dispensation, called often the kingdom of God, and the kingdom of heaven, shall last for ever, during the whole lapse of time; and for ever and ever-throughout eternity, shall they and its blessings endure. Verse 19. His nails of brass] This is not mentioned in the seventh verse, where the description of the beast is given. It might be added, for the first time, by the person who is now explaining the fourth beast. Houbigant thinks it has been lost out of the text: but such loss is not intimated by any MS.; nor does any of the ancient Versions acknowledge this addition in the seventh verse. Verse 22. Saints of the Most High] To the supereminent saints; see the note on ver. 18. Verse 25. He shall speak great words against the Most High] Sermones quasi Deus loquetur; “He shall speak as if he were God." So St. Jerome quotes from Symmachus. To none can this apply so well or so fully as to the popes of Rome. They have assumed infallibility, which belongs only to God. They profess to forgive sins, which belongs only to God. They profess to open and shut heaven, which belongs only to God. They profess to be higher than all the kings of the earth, which belongs only to God. And they go beyond God in pretending to loose whole nations from their oath of allegiance to their kings, when such kings do not please them! And they go against God when they give indulgences for sin. This is the worst of all blasphemies! And shall wear out the saints] By wars, crusades, massacres, inquisitions, and persecutions of all kinds. What in this way have they not done against all those who have protested against their innovations, and refused to submit to their idolatrous worship? Witness the exterminating crusades published against the Waldenses and Albigenses. Witness John Huss, and Jerome of Prague. Witness the Smithfield fires in England! Witness God and man against this bloody, persecuting, ruthless, and impure Church! Verse 21. The same horn made war with the saints, And think to change times and laws] Appointing and prevailed against them.] Those who make Anti-fasts and feasts; canonizing persons whom he chooses ochus the little horn, make the saints the Jewish peo- to call saints; granting pardons and indulgences for ple. Those who understand the popedom by it, see this as referring to the cruel persecutions of the popes of Rome against the Waldenses and Albigenses, and the Protestant Church in general. sins; instituting new modes of worship utterly unknown to the Christian Church; new articles of faith; new rules of practice; and reversing, with pleasure, the laws both of God and man.-Dodd. |