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accuseth them of maintaining, that " the heavenly mind in Christ served instead of an human soul;" and to the same purpose, Theodorit writes concerning both the Arians and Eunomians, that they "held, that our Saviour's godhead performed the office of the soul;" with whom, both Epiphanius and Austin agree in their charge against the Arians, affirming, that they held, "that Christ took only an human body without a soul."

. But that which rendered this heresy the more considerable and dangerous, was, that it was defended and patronized by the great Apollinarius, the ornament and splendor of the church in that age; who, after he had been the most signalized champion for the faith, and an illustrious example of piety and virtue, unhappily espoused these and other notions, which caused him to be branded for an heretic in that and all succeeding generations.

This Apollinarius, of whom I am now spaking, was Apollinarius the younger, bishop of Laodicea; but whether of Laodicea in Syria, or of that in Phoenicia of Libanus, is not certainly known. He was by all esteemed the greatest man of his age both for learning and piety; a most accurate and nervous defender

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of the faith against all its enemies, whether heathens or heretics. Vincentius Lirinensis

represents him as a very extraordinary man, "that he had a most acute wit, and sublime learning; that in many volumes he had over thrown heresies, and confuted errors opposite to the faith; that in thirty large and noble books, he had most convincingly baffled the calumnies of Porphyry; that it would be too long to recite all his works, by which indeed he might have been equalled with the chiefest builders of the church, had he not fallen into heresy." And Philostorgius the Arian historiographer, gives this larger character of him, that "he, and Basil, and Gregory Nazianzen, defended the divinity of Christ better than any either before or after them; in comparison of whom, the great Athanasius was esteemed to be but a child; that they had not only an extraordinary faculty both in speak, ing and writing, but their lives were so attracting, that whosoever either saw or heard them speak, were drawn and persuaded by them, and that the most considered and esteemed of these three was this Apollinarius, of whom I am now speaking."

"The fall therefore of so great a pillar, must needs have been a very sensible loss unto the church, and is as such bewailed by Epiphani

us, in the relation that he gives of his heresy, and most pathetically by Gregory Nazianzen, who speaking of the heresies of Eunomius and Apollinarius (the former of whom denied the divinity of our Saviour) saith, That the heresy of the first was supportable, and to be born withal, but that which "" was most in. supportable and sinking in all the ecclesiastical shipwrecks, was the error of Apollinarius," that so great and good a man, the ornament of his age, and flower of the church, should become an heretic, and an impugner of the Catholic faith.

As for the time when he began his heresy, it is not exactly known; he was not anathematized as an heretic by name, till the second general council at Constantinople, anno 381; but nineteen years before that, viz. anno 362, his heresy was condemned by a synod at Alexandria, whereat were present Athanasius, Eusebius, bishop of Verceil in Piedmont, with several others, without mentioning his name; the reason whereof might be, either because some Monks were sent by him thether, to purge him from the suspicion of heresy, as in the relation of the synod there is room enough. for such a conjecture, or, because they were loth to believe so great a doctor of the church could fall into so foul an heresy. Epiphanius

writes, than when he first heard of this error, by some who came from him, he could not believe that such a man had espoused such heretical notions, and that they were only "some peoples mistaken apprehensions, who eould not fathom the depth and profundity of so great a scholar;" or else they were unwilling to cast so eminent a man from the communion of the church, and therefore would first condemn his heresy without mentioning his name, hoping that that might be a means to regain him to the Catholic faith, of which he had been before so noted and strenuous a defender: but now, how long before this synod he had vented his heresy, is not certainly known; only it could not be long, and not above three or four years at farthest..

Now that heresy of Apollinarius, which respects our present purpose, was according to St. Austin's expression, that "Christ assumed flesh without a soul;" or, as Cassian words it, that he had not an human soul, or a rational soul;" for they allowed him such a sensitive soul as is in brutes, but denied him to have a reasonable one, as Vincentius Lirinensis writes,that "Apollinarius affirmed,that there' was not in our Saviour's body an human soul, at least not such an one wherein was mind and reason," but that "instead thereof his

divinity supplied its room and place;" so that in short, the error of Apollinarius was this, that though Christ in his becoming man, was ensarkos, that is, was incarnate, had real flesh and a substantial body; yet he was not empsukomeños, that is, he had no reasonable human soul, but his divinity performed all the actions and offices thereof.

Which heresy the fathers apprehended to be attended with most dreadful consequences; for if Christ had been destitute of an human soul, and the place thereof had been supplied by his deity, then several actions, as desiring, grieving, and the like, would have been most impiously attributed by the holy scriptures unto his divine nature; which argument is urged to very good purpose by Epiphanius against these heretics; and Athanasius most pertinently asks them, how Christ could be sorrowful and troubled (as it is said of him in John xiii. 21. that he was troubled in spirit) if he had not "had an human soul? for to ascribe that to insensible matter, was ridiculous, or to the immutable godhead, was blasphemous."

Besides, if Christ had been void of a reasonable soul, he would not have had the whole essence of man, his humanity would have

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