4. The fourth step is the presentation of the parts of the eye, as they adapt it to its purpose. This involves two steps: a. The basis on which the eye is to be divided must This has already been determined by first be selected. the unifying idea of its purpose. chosen for the eye, namely, that The parts given must be made on their fundamental relation to the whole. The purpose of this eye is to form an image so as to produce the sensation of vision. The relation of the parts to this purpose must determine the parts selected, and the completeness and method of their presentation. b. The second step is the organization of the parts into the whole out of which they have just been made. This requires that the attributes of each part must be given according to the laws for presenting the attributes of the whole, that is, that all those attributes be selected which adapt each part to its use in the object, and that they be presented according to the general law of presenting attributes of a whole. For the purpose of testing our description by the laws, the matter may be formulated as in the following outline. For the sake of brevity, much is omitted which can readily be supplied. Only two parts are given, leaving the others to be filled out by these examples. The outline, however, is sufficiently full and accurate to illustrate what an outline of this eye should be, and what is better than a full description for testing the organization of the matter under the laws of thought. Purpose an organ of vision. I. Attributes of the whole adapting to the purpose. 1. Position In cavity of orbit in upper front part of head; thus securing (1) range of vision, and (2) protection. 2. Form-spherical; thus securing (1) ease of adjustment, and (2) firmness. 3. Size about one inch in diameter. (Why?) 4. Firm and hard, to maintain the proper adjustment of parts. II. Parts of the whole which adapt to the I. The outer coat of the eye. a. Sclerotic coat. purpose. (1) Purpose to give form and protection, and to furnish means of attachment for the muscles. (2) Attributes adapting to its purpose : (a) Position-external posterior part, thus enclosing the other organs and admitting light in front. (b) Form -a hollow sphere, with an anterior opening to admit light, and a posterior one for the optic nerve. (c) Size five sixths of globe, as required by openings named; and one twentyfifth of an inch thick in posterior part, but thinner in middle portion. (d) Dense, hard, firm, and fibrous, to pre- b. Cornea. inner surface brown and grooved. (1) Purpose (a) with sclerotic coat, protect; (6) but while protecting must transmit light; (c) incidental to its other functions, to re fract light. (2) Attributes adapting to its purpose. (a) Position - front part of eye continuous with sclerotic coat. (Why?) (b) Form-circular, and (Why?) (c) Size concavo-convex. -one sixth of outer surface of eye, one thirtieth of an inch in thickness. (Why?) (d) Hard, dense, fibrous, unyielding. (Why?) (e) Transparent, to admit light. c. Choroid coat, and ciliary processes. (Fill out as above.) d. Retina. (Fill out as above.) e. Aqueous humor, crystalline lens, and vitreous humor. (Fill out as above.) 2. The inner parts of the eye. (Treat as the outer coat is treated above.) After filling out the remainder of this outline, it should be tested systematically by all the preceding laws. For example, under the law of method, the reason for presenting the attributes and parts in the order as outlined should be given. The parts are not presented in a strictly logical order, for the retina and not the sclerotic coat is the functional center of the eye. And that the work of the retina may be done, refracting media are required; and these again call to their aid the light-regulating parts; and the whole of the image-forming parts require protecting outer coats. The retina is most immediate to the purpose of the eye; and each part, in the order last named, is removed in that order one degree further from the immediate purpose of the eye. Such an order would be the A strictly logical order of presentation, but this would not be the easiest order for the mind's movement under the circumstances specified at the outset. strictly logical order is from within outward, but the mind assumed to be addressed in this case requires the reverse procedure, a procedure in the order of observation, which would be first an observation of the external coat of the eye, when, removing the external coat, the next coat would be examined, and so on till the retina is reached. This may be called the chronological, as over against the logical, order. This illustrates clearly how the two factors, mind and object, determine the method of procedure. The other laws should be tested as above. The end sought in the preceding example is that of instruction. Suppose the end be changed to that of moving the will; for instance, to induce to proper care of the eye; what change would be made in the foregoing outline, in respect to selection, completeness, and method of presenting attributes and parts, — changes in obedience to the new end, and the new unity set up? With this in view let the outline be rewritten. Now rewrite the outline for the purpose of making a poetic description. For further illustration choose an autumn scene, and make an outline of it for the purpose of mere instruction. Now change the purpose to that of arousing a sense of melancholy. The unifying idea will now be this particular feeling. The attributes, objects, and relations chosen must be such as to contribute to this effect, must be unified in this effect, with which the more fundamental attributes of position, form, size, etc., may have little to do. Sober colors and melancholy sounds fill the requirement under selection; and these, with the dull objects enumerated, are presented in the order of their power to excite the desired emotion, without regard to their logical relation. The precision, rigidity, and fullness of the preceding examples would here violate every law of discourse. If the writer desire to move the will, the means of securing unity through selection, completeness, and method are further changed. Then he must select as many and such points as will have power to control the choice, and present them in such an order as will progressively influence to action. In order to stir the feelings to the point of action, the writer may have to delay the movement with otherwise unimportant and minute details. His skill will be measured by his power to hold the mind in contemplation of exciting details and stimulating circumstances. Thus, with every change in the purpose of the description, there must be a change in the means of securing unity through selection, completeness, and method. Purpose in the intellect, in the sensibility, in the will requires, respectively, unity in thought, unity in emotion, unity in volition; and in each case, the law of unity makes a different demand on the kind, number, and arrangement of attributes and parts. Interpretation. Suppose the "stronghold" (a country home), in "The Legend of. Sleepy Hollow," be selected for analysis. The selection must first be perused to find the purpose of the author, or the effect |