and lower extremities. Teeth like those of a man, except that the cuspidati are generally longer. 1 Simiæ, apes, monkeys, ba- 2 Lemur, macauco boons III. Bradypoda, slow-moving animals. 1 Bradypus, sloth 8 Manis, scaly-lizard, or pangolin 2 Myrmecophaga, ant-eater 4 Dacypus or tatu, armadillo. This order forms two in the arrangement of Cuvier. 1st, Tardigrada; which includes the sloths. There are no incisors in either jaw. There is a complicated stomach, but no rumination. 2dly, Edentata, toothless animals. Some of them have no teeth; others want the incisores and cuspidati. The tongue is long, slender, and projectile, for seizing the insects on which the animals feed; body covered with hard substances. The armadillo, manis, ant-eater, and ornithorhyncus, or duck-billed animal, belong to this order. IV. Chetroptera, having the fingers elongated for the expansion of a membrane, which acts as a wing. 1 Vespertilio, bat. V. Glires. Rodentia of Cuvier-gnawing animals. Having two long and very large incisor teeth in each jaw, by which they cut and gnaw hard boc'ies, chiefly vegetables. There is a large interval behind these teeth, unoccupied by cuspidati. 1 Sciurus, squirrel 2 Glis, dormouse, (Myoxus Linn.) 3 Mus, mouse and rat 4 Marmota, marmot 5 Cavia, Guinea-pig 6 Lepus, hare and rabbit. 7 Jaculus, jerboa 8 Castor, beaver 9 Hystrix, porcupine VI. Feræ, predaceous and carnivorous animals. Very strong and large-pointed canine teeth: molares forming pointed prominences, Short and simple alimentary canal, and consequently slender belly. 1 Erinaceus, hedge-hog 2 Sorex, shrew 3 Talpa, mole 4 Meles, badger 5 Ursus, bear 6 Didelphis, opossum, kangu roo 7 Viverra, weasels, ferret, polecat, civet 8 Mustella, skunk, stoat, &c. 9 Canis, dog, wolf, jackal, fox, 11 Lutra, otter hyæna 10 Felis, cat, lion, tiger, leopard, lynx, panther, &c. 12 Phoca, seal or sea-calf The five first genera of this order form the plantigrada of Cuvier; animals which rest the whole of the foot on the ground. They are less carnivorous than the other; have a longer intestinal canal, and no cœcum. The sixth genus forms the pedimana of the same zoologist: as they possess a separate thumb on the hind extremities only. They have a pouch in the abdomen containing the mamma, and holding the young in their early state. One species, the kanguroo, (macropus major of Shaw) must however be excepted. That is placed among the rodentia; and does not possess the separate thumb. The order carnivora of Cuvier will include from the 7th to the 11th genus: both inclusive. The seals belong to his amphibia. VII. Solidungula (solipeda Cuvier) a single toe on each foot, with an undivided hoof. Large intestines, and particularly an enormous cœcum. Incisors in both jaws. 1 Equus, horse and ass. VIII. Pecora or Bisulca (ruminantia of Cuvier), a divided hoof. No incisors in the upper jaw. Stomach consisting of four cavities. Rumination of food. Long intestines. 1 Camelus, camel, dromedary, lama 2 Capra, sheep, goat 3 Antilope, antelope chamois 4 Bos, ox, buffalo 5 Giraffa, giraffe, or camelopard 6 Cervus, elk, dee-kind 7 Moschus, musk IX. Belluæ, animals of an unshapely form, and a tough and thick hide; whence they have been called by Cuvier, pachydermata (from Taxus, thick, and Seppa, skin). They have more than two toes: incisors in both jaws; and in some cases enormous tusks. 1 Sus, pig-kind, pecari, babi- 3 Rhinoceros roussa 2 Tapir 3 Elephas 5 Hippopotamus 6 Trichecus, more or walrus, manati or seacow The last genus of this order, together with the phoca (seals) con stitutes the amphibia of Cuvier. bers adapted for swimming. These animals have short mem X. Cetacea, whales; living entirely in the sea, and formed like fishes; breathe by an opening at the top of the head, called the blowing-hole; through which they throw out the water, which enters their mouth with their food. Smooth skin covering a thick layer of oily fat. No external ear. A complicated stomach. Multilobular kidneys, larynx of a pyramidal shape, opening towards the blowing-hole. Testes within the abdomen. Mammæ at the sides of the vulva. Bones of the anterior extremity concealed and united by the skin, so as to form a kind of fin. 1 Monodon, narwhal, sea-uni- 3 Physeter corn 2 Balana, proper whales 4 Delphinus, dolphin, porpoise Cuvier distributes the class mammalia into three grand divisions: 1. Those which have claws or nails (mammifères à ongles); including the following orders: bimana, quadrumana, cheiroptera, plantigrada, carnivora, pedimana, rodentia, edentata, tardigrada. 2. Those which have hoofs (mammif. à ongles); including the pachydermata, ruminantia, and solipeda. 3. Those which have extremities adapted for swimming (mammif. à pieds en nageoire). Amphibia and cetacea. Birds are oviparous; have a single ovary, and oviduct; a single occipital condyle; a very large sternum; and anterior extremities adapted for flying. They have three eyelids; no external ear; a cochlea conical, but not spiral; a single ossiculum auditus; body covered with feathers. The lungs are attached to the surface of the chest ; and penetrated by the hair, which goes all over the body: there is a larynx at each end of the trachea; no epiglottis. The jaws are covered with a horny substance. The chyle is transparent; no mesentric glands; nor omentum. No bladder of urine; the ureters terminating in a bag, through which the eggs and fæces come, viz. the cloaca. This class cannot be distributed into orders so clearly distinguished by anatomical characters as the preceding one. Blumenbach divides them into two leading divisions. (A) Terrestrial Birds. Order I. Accipitres, birds of prey, with strong hooked bills, and large curved talons, a membranous stomach, and short cæca. VOL. V. > I Vultur, vulture tribe 3 Strix, owl 2 Falca, falcon, eagle, hawk, 4 Lanius, shrike or butcher bird kite II. Levirostres, light-billed birds, having a large hollow bill. 1 Psittacus, parrot kind 2 Ramphastos, toucan 3 Buceros, rhinoceros birds III. Picæ, this and the two following orders are not clearly cha 1 Alauda, lark 2 Sturnus, starling 3 Turdus, thrush, blackbird 4 Eberiza, bunting 4 Alceda, kingsfisher 5 Trochilus, humming birds, 3. Paradisea, birds of paradise 4 Cuculus, cuckow &c. &c. 6 Motacilla, nightingale, redbreast, wren 7 Hirundo, swallows, martins, &c. 5 Fringilla, finches, canary- 9 Caprimulgus, goat-sucker, VI. Gallina, gallinaceous birds, mostly domesticated. They possess a large crop, strong muscular gizzard. 1. Columba, pigeons 4 Meleagris, turkey 2 Tetrao, grous, quail, partridge 5 Pavo, peacock 3 Numida, guinea-fowl 6 Otis, bustard VII. Struthiones, struthious birds. The largest of the class; possess extremely small wings, and are therefore incapable of flight, but run very swiftly. 1. Struthio, ostrich 2 Casuarius, cassowary or emu (B) AQUATIC Birds. Order I. Grallæ, waders, frequenting marshes and streams; long naked legs; long neck; cylindrical bill of different lengths. 1 Ardea, crane, stork, heron, 2 Scolopax, woodcock, snipe, 3 Tringa, lapwing, ruffs, and 6 Rallus, rail II. Anseres, swimming birds; web-footed; bill broad and flat, covered by a somewhat soft substance, on which large nerves are The two classes of cold-blooded vertebral animals are the amphibia and fishes. The former, differing considerably from each other, have very few common characters; for in different instances they walk, fly, swim, and crawl. There is no external ear, nor cochlea; the brain is always very small. The lungs are in the same cavity with the other viscera; no epiglottis, omentum, nor mesenteric glands. Two ovaries and oviducts. Cloaca, through which the fæces and urine are expelled; and in which the organs of generation terminate. Neither hair, feathers, nor mammæ. Order I. Reptilia, having four feet, (quadrupeda ovipara). 1 Testudo, tortoise, turtle 2 Rana, frog, toad 3 Lacerta, lizards, crocodile, chameleon, newt, salamander, iguana, &c. II. Serpentia. No external members; body of an elongated form, and viscera of a similar shape. They are oviparous; but the egg is sometimes hatched in the oviduct. Both jaws moveable. 4 Anguis, blind-worm 2 Boa. Immense serpents of 5 Amphisbæna 1 Crotalus, rattlesnake Fishes-Breathe by means of branchiæ, or gills; and have no trachea, or larynx. Organs of motion consisting of fins. Nose unconnected with the organs of respiration. Ear entirely enclosed in the head; the tympanum, &c. being absent. Both jaws moveable. The place of the pancreas supplied by the pyloric cæca. An uri. |