1571.-Corn might be exported to Friendly Countries.-Export duty of 12d. p. qr. imposed by 13 Eliz. c. 13.

1580.-The end of the Eden prices.

1582.-From this date down to 1770, the prices are those ascertained by the Audit Books at Eton College-reduced to Winchester measure.

1586.-Corn to be stored in London in view of famine, by order of the Lord Mayor.

1593.-Export of corn might be prohibited generally or locally.-35 Eliz. c. 7.

1594.-Dearth occasioned by excessive exportation.

1595.-New regulations as to the Assize of Bread issued in London.

1596-Dearth occasioned by great rains.

1604.-Exportation of corn permitted when below certain prices named.-1 James I. c. 25. 1608.-Bread very dear in London.

1623.-Exportation of grain allowed, according to scale of prices, and on payment of Customs.21 James I. c. 28.

1630.-A famine expected-see text this date.

1646.-The table of the price of wheat compiled by Bishop Fleetwood begins at this date, and differs materially from the figures here given. We do not use Fleetwood's table. He took the mean of the price for the two halves of each year.

1660.-Importation of grain allowed on payment of certain duties regulated by price.

1663.-By 15 Car. II. c. 7, the high duties on Exportation of grain were repealed. Cattle might be imported from Isle of Man.

1670.-The measure of grain to be made uniform in all parts of England.-22 Car. II. c. 8. By 22 Car. II. c. 13, the export of corn permitted when higher prices prevailed than those permitted by Act of 1663-but with higher customs duty.

1685.-By 1 James II. c. 19, regulations made for ascertaining price of grain.

1688.-By 1 Wm. & Mary c. 12, all exportation duties were abolished, and a bounty offered by way of encouragement. This was an entire change of policy.

1698.-The export of grain and breadstuffs prohibited for 1 year. Bounty suspended for 1 year. 1700.-All customs and duties on export of grain abolished by 11 & 12 Wm. III. c. 20. 1703.-By Act of the Parliament of Scotland, all importation of grain from Ireland was prohibited. 1709.-By 8 Anne, c. 2, all export of grain and spirit produced from grain prohibited; but might be renewed on Proclamation. This year another Act was passed to regulate the Assize of Bread. 1729.-By 2 Geo. II. c. 18, powers were given to Justices of Peace to ascertain price of grain. 1732. Further powers given for ascertaining price of English grain.

1738. By 11 Geo. II. c. 22, powers were given to punish persons interfering to prevent export of grain. The "Hundred" made liable for grain destroyed.

1741.-Importation of grain from Ireland and elsewhere into Scotland permitted.

1750.-The wheat exported this year amounted to 947,000 qrs., and the total bounties paid during the 10 years from 1740 to 1751 reached the sum of £1,575,000.-McCulloch.

1751.-An Act for ascertaining quantities of grain exported for which bounty was payable.

1753. The Exchequer bankrupt and unable to pay the bounties on exportation of grain otherwise than by debentures.

1757.-Act to regulate making bread, and holding assize thereof.

1760.-Mr. Comber estimated the average ann. produce of wheat at this date in Gt. Brit. at 3,800,000 grs., of which, about 3,500,000 were required for home consumption, and 300,000 qrs. were left for export.

1762.-New Act, 3 Geo. III. c. 11, as to Assize of Bread.

1765.-First trustworthy estimate of national consumption of grain made. See Text.

1767.-Sir James Steuart's famous work on Political Economy pub.

1770.-Act for regis. prices of corn.

1771. From this date we quote from Willich's ann. average, prices p. imperial qr. These differ materially from the Eton prices.

1773. The produce of wheat in Gt. Brit. was stated in the House of Commons to be 4,000,000 qrs., of which the whole and above 100,000 imported qrs. were consumed.

By 13 Geo. III. c. 70, all importation was stopped when price of wheat was 44s. p. qr. Prices also fixed as to other grain. New Act as to Assize and making of Bread.

1781. Further Act, 21 Geo. III. c. 50, for ascertaining price of grain.

1789.-Further Act as to ascertaining price of grain.

1791.-New Act, 31 Geo. III. c. 30, for regulating importation and exportation of grain.

1792.-From this date inclusive the account of Eton College has been kept according to the bushel of 8 gallons, under the provisions of 31 Geo. III. c. 30, s. 82.

1796.-The consumption was stated by Lord Hawkesbury to be 500,000 grs. p. month, or 6,000,000 qrs. p. a., of which 180,000 were imported. The value of imported grain this year was £4,360,000. 1797.-New Act for Assize and making of Bread in London.

1800.-The average growth of grain in Gt. Brit. was estimated by Chalmers to be 30,549,516 qrs. A grain-dealer was this year convicted of " engrossing" supplies, which remains an offence under the common law.

1801.-The value of imported grain this year reached £11,600,000.

1804.-Foreign grain to be admitted at 6d. p. qr. when English wheat was 66s. and upwards.-44 Geo. III. c. 109.

1806.-Free import of grain from Ireland permitted.

1808.-Exports exceeded imports in consequence of supplies sent to Brit. armies in Spain and Portugal. 1810.-Large importations of grain from France, notwithstanding that we were at war with her. Estimated value of all grain imported £7,800,000.

1814. According to Colquhoun, the consumption of corn in Gt. Brit. and Ireland this year amounted to about 35,000,000 qrs. Value of imported grain £2,815,319.

1815.-No foreign corn to be admitted until English wheat was 80s. or more p. qr. Colonial admitted when price reached 675.-55 Geo. III. c. 26.

1818.-Value of grain imports £7,908,140.

1821.-New Act, 1 & 2 Geo. IV. c. 87, for importation and exportation of grain.

1822.-Corn Law Amendment Act, admitting foreign wheat at 12s. p. qr. duty when price was 70s., and is. duty when it was 8os. and upwards. New Act to regulate making and sale of bread in Lond.

1825.-American colonial wheat admitted at a permanent duty of 5s. p. pr. Duty of £25 p. qr. on buckwheat.

1826.-Foreign grain admitted at nominal duty-temporary.-7 & 8 Geo. IV. c. 3.

1827.-Sliding Scale first attempted as to importation of grain.

1828.-Corn Law Amendment Act, Sliding Scale adopted.

1835.-Act to regulate the importation of grain into Isle of Man.

1836.-New Act as to making and sale of bread in Lond.; first modern measure against adulteration. 6 & 7 Wm. IV. c. 37.

1838.-Act as to making and sale of bread in Ireland.

1842.-Corn Law Amendment Act-5 & 6 Vict. c. 14. "Reduced Sliding Scale."

1846.-Repeal of Corn Laws. Duty of 1s. p. qr. continued until 1869.

1847.-The potato failure in Ireland and parts of Gt. Brit.

1851.-The Lancet “Analytical Commission" appointed.

1855.-Reports of Lancet Commission pub.

1860.-A general Act for preventing Adulteration of Food and Drinks-23 & 24 Vict. c. 84.

1861.-Value of imported grain £34,918,639.

1862.-"Cotton Famine." Value of imported grain £37,772.194.

1863.-Act for regulation of bakehouses, and another Act for seizure of diseased and unwholesome meat. Value of imported grain £25,955,939.

1864.- Privy Council Rep. as to diseased meat.

1866.-Prof. Rogers' Hist. of Agriculture and Prices pub.-Mr. Charles Willich pub. T. showing

(inter alia) the price of Consols, the Bank rate of Discount, and the price of Wheat from July, 1844 (passing of Bank Charter Act), to May, 1866.

1868.-Act to regulate sale of poisons.

1869. Last trace of Corn Laws abolished from the Stat. Book by repeal of the is. duty left in 184632 Vict. c. 14. Adulteration Acts extended to seeds.

1872.-Amendment and extension of law regarding Adulteration of Food-35 & 36 Vict. c. 74. 1875. The imports of grain into the U.K. in the year ending 31 Aug. reached 25,001,590 qrs.

Note.-By Winchester measure in this Table is meant a quarter of 8 bushels of 8 gallons each. The authorities upon which the preceding T. is based are indicated in the historical footnotes accompanying the T.

[BIRTH-RATE.] [CATTLE DISEASES.] [CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS.] [DEATHRATES.] [DESTITUTION.] [ERGOTISM.] [FAMINES.] [FASTING.] [FECUNDITY.] [HEALTH.] [LIFE, HUMAN.] [MARRIAGES.] [OCCUPATIONS.] [POPULATION.] [SCORBUTIC DISEASES.] [SICKNESS.] [STARVATION, DEATHS FROM.] FOORD, J. B., was Joint Sec. in Lond. for Scottish Amicable for several years--1844-6. FOOTE, GEORGE F., M.D., delivered before the Batavia Lyceum, An Address upon the Subject of Life Ins., which was afterwards printed and widely circulated by the New York Life, in 1858.

FOR WHOM IT MAY CONCERN.-This phrase is a technical one. It is often used in pol. of marine ins., and has been-perhaps is still-used in fire pol. occasionally in the U.S. The words usually follow the name of the insured inserted in the pol., and åre intended to protect the interests of other persons who may be interested in the venture, but whose

of food, and drugs, to be distinctly labelled to that effect. Power to public Officers or Analysts to purchase articles (s. 12), and persons refusing to sell liable to penalty (s. 17). Vendor to be discharged if he prove he bought the article in the same state as he sold it, with a warranty (s. 25). Tea to be examined by Customs on importation, and may be forfeited and destroyed (s. 30). The Act to apply to the three divisions of the U.K. In his latest important work-Supplement to the 35th Ann. Rep. of the Reg.-Gen.-Dr. Farr reverts to the subject of Food, as follows:

Fruits, salads, and potatoes contain the several vegetable acids which are an indispensable part of diet; in its absence, after the potato failure in 1847, the pop. in many places became scorbutic. This acid diet demands attention. Its absence lends fatality to certain diseases. The deaths now ascribed in all England directly to privation are at the rate of 3 every fortnight, 77 ann.—the gentler sex dying of starvation in smaller numbers than men.

Again :

Food and work are undoubtedly important factors in determining the lifetime of different professions, of various artificers, and of labourers. Haughton, measuring by urea, finds that high mental

and mechanical work demands a better quality of food than mere routine labour.

At the meeting of the Brit. Asso. held at Bristol this year, Prof. W. Stanley Jevons, F.R.S., read a novel paper, viz.: The Influence of the Sun-Spot Period upon the Price of Corn. After alluding to the attempts made by Mr. Carrington to trace a connexion between the price of corn and the variations in the sun-spots during portions of the last and present centuries, the Prof. said that Mr. Schuster has pointed out that the years of good vintage in Western Europe have occurred at intervals approximating to 11 years, the average length of the principal sun-spot period. The elaborate collection of the prices of commodities in all parts of England between the years 1259 and 1400, pub. by Prof. Rogers, appeared to afford the best data for deciding whether the sun-spot period influences the price of corn. For this purpose, tables of the average prices p. qr. of wheat and other grain, expressed in grains of pure silver, were used. Each series of prices was divided into intervals of 11 years, which were ranged under each other and averaged, so as to give the average of the first, of the second, of the third, etc., years, the commencement of the period being arbitrarily assumed. It is found that the prices of each kind of produce examined rises in the first four years, but afterwards falls. It is further shown that the maxima prices are found to fall into the tenth, eleventh, first, second, and third years of the assumed 11-year period. These results are to be looked upon as only preliminary, and need further investigation. It is also pointed out that commercial panics have tended to recur during the last 54 years in a distinctly periodic manner. The average length of interval between the principal panics is about 10 8 years, nearly coinciding with 1111, the length of the solar-spot period. If Prof. Balfour Stewart be right in holding that the sun-spot variation depends on the configuration of the planets, it would appear that these configurations are the remote cause of the greatest commercial disasters. This is but a meagre outline of the remarkable paper.

The inhabitants of the U.K. consumed this year 1,186,641 cwt. of beef from imported live cattle; 454,007 cwt. of mutton from imported live sheep; 71,927 cwt. of pork from imported live swine; 3,114,809 cwt. of imported dead meat-i.e. bacon, pork, hams, cured beef, etc.; 15,820,006 cwt. of home-grazed beef, 8,701,451 cwt. of homeraised mutton; and 4,348,944 cwt. of home-bred pork; the total consumption of meat (exclusive of poultry, game and other meat not classified with butcher's meat) of the United Kingdom being 33,697,785 cwt. A reduction of 2d p. Ib (the lowest estimated amount of overcharge by retail traders to their customers) on this vast quantity of meat would result in a yearly saving to the whole country of £31,451,264 25. 8d.

As some evidence of the good work which is being accomplished under the authority of the various Acts enumerated in this art., there was seized in Billingsgate Market in the month of August this year, no less than 87 tons of diseased and putrid fish, entirely unfit for human food; but which had been consigned for sale there.

1876.-Prof. Wanklyn read before the Brit. Asso. at its Meeting at Glasgow a paper, On the Effects of the Mineral Substances in Drinking Water, on the Health of the Community. He said:

Inasmuch as by the help of subsidence, reservoirs, and wholesale filtration, the water supply of towns may be sufficiently cleansed from organic impurity, the selection of an appropriate water supply now resolves itself into the selection of water unobjectionable from a mineral point of view, and the question, what are the sanitary effects of the small quantities of mineral substances in drinking water meets the chemical adviser whenever he is called on to choose between different sources of supply? At present we are very much in the dark on these questions, and are obliged to fall back on the system of giving the preference to water, the mineral character of which is not in any way unusual, rejecting for town supply water of unusual mineral character. It is time, however, that better ground should be provided; and, with the object of placing the question on a firmer basis, I am endeavouring to get up a kind of register of the chief water supplies, and in course of time hope that peculiarities of bodily constitution may be connected with peculiarities of water supply. At first sight, when first taking up the subject, both the chemist and the physician are inclined to protest against the notion that appreciable effects may follow from the slight mineral differences in waters. But a nearer view of the subject alters that frame of mind completely. The fluid taken daily by an adult man may be roughly set down at about half a gallon, and at that rate the mineral matter imbibed in a fortnight is quite appreciable. On the other hand, the amount of mineral matter in different articles of food is much smaller than might at first sight be imagined. In wheaten flour it is o'6 p.c., of which the greater part is phosphate of potash. The mineral contents of the drinking water are not by any means overwhelmed by the mineral matter in ordinary dietaries.