attacks of the animal; which will never defift till a period is put to its life. Frequent mention is made of our favage cattle by hiftorians. One relates that Robert Bruce was (in chacing these animals) preferved from the rage of a wild Bull by the intrepidity of one of his courtiers, from which he and his lineage acquired the name of Turn-Bull. Fitz-Stephen* names thefe animals (Uri-Sylveftres) among those that harbored in the great foreft that in his time lay adjacent to London. Another enumerates among the provifions at the great feaft of Nevil + archbishop of York, fix wild Bulls; and Sibbald affures us that in his days a wild and white fpecies was found in the mountains of Scotland, but agreeing in form with the common fort. I believe these to have been the Bifontes jubati of Pliny found then in Germany, and might have been common to the continent and our island: the lofs of their favage vigor by confinement might occafion fome change in the external appearance, as is frequent with wild animals deprived of liberty; and to that we may ascribe their lofs of mane. The Urus of the Hercynian forest described by Cæfar, book VI. was of this kind, the fame which is called by the modern Germans, Aurochs, i. e. Bos fylveftrist. The ox is the only horned animal in these islands that will apply his strength to the fervice of mankind. It is now generally allowed, that in many cafes oxen are more profitable in the draught * A Monk who lived in the reign of Henry II. and wrote a History of London, preferved in Leland's itin. VIII. + Leland's Collectanea, vi. Gefner Quad. 144. In Fitz-Stephen, Urus is printed Urfus. D 2 than than horfes; their food, harness, and fhoes being cheaper, and should they be lamed or grow old, an old working beast will be as good meat, and fatten as well as a young one. There is scarce any part of this animal without its ufe. The blood, fat, marrow, hide, hair, horns, hoofs, milk, creme, butter, cheese, whey, urine, liver, gall, fpleen, bones, and dung, have each their particular use in manufactures, commerce and medicine. The skin has been of great ufe in all ages. The antient Britains, before they knew a better method, built their boats with ofiers, and covered them with the hides of bulls, which ferved for fhort * coasting voyages. Primum cana falix madefacto vimine parvam Lucan. lib. iv. 131. The bending willow into barks they twine; Where in dull marshes ftands the fettling Po; On fuch to neighboring Gaul, allured by gain, Rowe * That these vitilia navigia, as Pliny calls them, were not made for long voyages, is evident not only from their ftructure, but from the account given by Solinus, that the crew never eat during the time they were at fea. Vide C. Junii Solini polyhiftor. 56. Veffels Veffels of this kind are ftill in ufe on the Irish lakes; and on the Dee and Severn: in Ireland they are called Curach, in England Coracles, from the British Cwrwgl, a word fignifying a boat of that ftructure. At prefent, the hide, when tanned and curried, ferves for boots, fhoes, and numberlefs other conveniences of life. Vellum is made of calves fkin, and goldbeaters skin is made of a thin vellum, or a finer part of the ox's guts. The hair mixed with lime is a neceffary article in building. Of the horns are made combs, boxes, handles for knives, and drinking veffels; and when softened by water, obeying the manufacturer's hand, they are formed into pellucid laminæ for the fides of lanthorns. These last conveniences we owe to our great king Alfred, who first invented them to preferve his candle time measurers, from the wind*; or (as other writers will have it) the tapers that were fet up before the reliques in the miserable tattered churches of that time t. In medicine, the horns were employed as alexipharmics or antidotes against poison, the plague, or the small-pox; they have been dignified with the title of English bezoar; and are faid to have been found to answer the end of the oriental kind: the chips of the hoofs, and paring of the raw hides, serve to make carpenters glue. The bones are used by mechanics, where ivory is too expensive; by which the common people are served with many neat conveniencies at an easy rate. From the tibia and carpus bones is procured an oil much used by coach-makers and others in dreffing and cleaning harness, and all trappings belonging to a coach; and the bones. Anderfon's hift. commerce, I. 45- + Stanley's hift. of churches, 103. calcined, calcined, afford a fit matter for tests for the use of the refiner in the fmelting trade. The blood is used as an excellent manure for fruit trees; and is the basis of that fine color, the Pruffian blue. The fat, tallow, and fuet, furnish us with light; and are also used to precipitate the falt that is drawn from briny springs. The gall, liver, spleen and urine, have also their place in the materia medica. The uses of butter, cheese, creme and milk, in domestic œconomy; and the excellence of the latter, in furnishing a palatable nutriment for most people, whofe organs of digeftion are weakened, are too obvious to be infifted on. Evelyn's phil. difc. of earth, p. 319.. Horns Horns twisted spirally, and pointing outwards. Eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. Ovis, Raii fyn. quad. 73. Gefn. quad. 71. Ovis aries, ovis anglica mutica cauda fcrotoque ad genua pendulis. Lin. Syft. 97. Ovis cornibus compreffis lunatis. Faun. Suec. 45· Aries, &c. Klein. quad. 13. De Buffon. v. 1. tab. 1, 2. III. SHEEP. 4. FLEECY It from any of the early writers, th T does not appear from any of the early writers, that the breed of this animal was cultivated for the fake of the wool among the Britains; the inhabitants of the inland parts of this island either went entirely naked, or were only clothed with skins. Those who lived on the fea coafts, and were the moft civilized, affected the manners of the Gauls, and wore like them a fort of garments made of coarfe wool, called Bracha. These they probably had from Gaul, there not being the left traces of manufactures among the Britains, in the hiftories of thofe times. On |